{"id":7311,"date":"2017-03-03T10:13:40","date_gmt":"2017-03-03T10:13:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Ethics_manual_3rd_Dec2015_chinese.pdf"},"modified":"2017-03-03T10:13:40","modified_gmt":"2017-03-03T10:13:40","slug":"ethics_manual_3rd_dec2015_chinese","status":"inherit","type":"attachment","link":"https:\/\/www.wma.net\/es\/que-hacemos\/educacion\/manual-de-etica-medica\/ethics_manual_3rd_dec2015_chinese\/","title":{"rendered":"Ethics_manual_3rd_Dec2015_chinese"},"author":2,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"acf":[],"description":{"rendered":"

Ethics_manual_3rd_Dec2015_chinese<\/a><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u7248 2015
\n\u4e16 \u754c \u91ab \u5e2b \u6703
\n\u91ab \u5b78 \u502b \u7406 \u624b \u518a
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u00a9 2015\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703
\n\u975e\u5546\u696d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u9650\uff1a\u5341\u4efd\uff0c\u4e26\u8acb\u8a3b\u660e\u51fa\u8655\uff1b\u4efb
\n\u4f55\u8907\u88fd\u3001\u6aa2\u7d22\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5132\u5b58\u6216\u8f49\u79fb\uff0c\u5747\u9808\u4e8b\u5148
\n\u53d6\u5f97\u66f8\u9762\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u6b32\u53d6\u5f97\u540c\u610f\u8acb\u6d3d\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703
\nThe World Medical Association, B.P. 63, 01212
\nFerney-Volataire Cedex, France; Email: wma
\n@wma.net ,fax\uff08\uff0b33\uff09450 40 59 37.
\n\u672c\u624b\u518a\u7531\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8a72\u6703\u91ab\u5b78\u502b
\n\u7406\u6307\u5c0e\u9577John R.Williams\uff082003-2006\uff09
\n\u5c01\u9762\u3001\u6392\u7248\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u6bd4\u5229\u6642Inspirit International
\nCommunications\uff0cTuuli Sauren\u63d0\u4f9b
\n\u88fd\u4f5c\u6982\u5ff5\uff1aWorld Health Commmunication
\nAssociates\uff0cUK
\n\u7167\u7247\u63d0\u4f9b\uff1aVan Parys Media\/CORBIS
\n\u5728 \u7248 \u7de8 \u76ee \uff08 Cataloguing-in-Publication Data \uff09
\nWilliams, John R.\uff08John Reynold\uff09, 1942-
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u624b\u518a
\n1.\u751f\u7269\u502b\u7406\u5b78 2.\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2-\u502b\u7406\u5b78
\n3.\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u89d2\u8272 4.\u751f\u7269\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76-\u502b\u7406\u5b78
\n5.\u5c08\u696d\u95dc\u4fc2 6.\u6559\u80b2\u91ab\u5b78-\u502b\u7406\u5b78
\n7.\u6848\u4f8b\u5831\u544a 8.\u624b\u518aI,\u66f8\u540d
\n\uff08NL\u5206\u985e\uff1aW50\uff09
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
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\n1
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\n\u7dd2\u8ad6 \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u20269
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\n\u5f8b
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\n\u2027 \u76ee\u6a19
\n\u2027 \u91ab\u5b78\u6709\u4f55\u7279\u5225\uff1f
\n\u2027 \u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6709\u4f55\u7279\u5225\uff1f
\n\u2027 \u8ab0\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4f55\u8b02\u502b\u7406\uff1f
\n\u2027 \u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6703\u6539\u8b8a\u55ce\uff1f
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\n\u2027 \u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u89d2\u8272
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\n\u2027 \u7d50\u8a9e
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\n\u2027 \u76ee\u6a19
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\n2
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\n\u2027 \u6848\u4f8b\u56de\u9867
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\n\u2027 \u96d9\u91cd\u5fe0\u8aa0
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\n\u2027 \u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f
\n\u2027 \u5168\u7403\u5065\u5eb7
\n\u2027 \u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u74b0\u5883
\n\u2027 \u6848\u4f8b\u56de\u9867
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\n\u2027 \u5c0d\u91ab\u7642\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u6311\u6230
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\n\u2027 \u5408\u4f5c
\n\u2027 \u89e3\u6c7a\u885d\u7a81
\n\u2027 \u6848\u4f8b\u56de\u9867
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\n\u2027 \u76ee\u6a19
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\n\u2027 \u91ab\u5b78\u57f7\u696d\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76
\n\u2027 \u502b\u7406\u8981\u6c42
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\n3
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\n-\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u76ca\u8655
\n-\u793e\u6703\u50f9\u503c
\n-\u98a8\u96aa\u8207\u5229\u76ca
\n-\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f
\n-\u4fdd\u5bc6
\n-\u89d2\u8272\u4e0a\u7684\u885d\u7a81
\n-\u8aa0\u5be6\u5831\u544a\u7d50\u679c
\n-\u8209\u767c
\n-\u5c1a\u672a\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u8b70\u984c
\n\u2027 \u6848\u4f8b\u56de\u9867
\n\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0 \u7d50\u8ad6\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026120
\n\u2027 \u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u8207\u7279\u6b0a
\n\u2027 \u5c0d\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u8cac\u4efb
\n\u2027 \u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u672a\u4f86
\n\u9644\u9304A- \u540d\u8a5e\u91cb\u7fa9\uff08\u542b\u5167\u6587\u659c\u9ad4\u5b57\uff09\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026128
\n\u9644\u9304B- \u90e8\u4efd\u7db2\u969b\u7db2\u8def\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8cc7\u6e90\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026132
\n\u9644\u9304C- \u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\uff1a
\n\u5168\u7403\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u8ab2\u7a0b\u7d0d\u5165\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8207\u4eba\u6b0a\u6559\u80b2\u6c7a
\n\u8b70\u6587(Resolution on the Inclusion of Medical Ethics
\nand Human Rights in the Curriculum of Medical
\nSchools World-Wide)\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u806f
\n\u76df\uff1a\u5168\u7403\u54c1\u8cea\u63d0\u6607\u6a19\u6e96\u2014\u57fa\u790e\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2(Global
\nStandards for Quality Improvement\u2013Basic Medical
\nEducation) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026134
\n\u9644\u9304D- \u5f37\u5316\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6559\u5b78(Strengthening
\nEthics Teaching in Medical Schools)\u2026\u2026136
\n\u9644\u9304E- \u5176\u4ed6\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026138
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
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\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
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\n4
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u624b\u518a\u8b6f\u5e8f
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u610f\u65e8\u5728\u65bc\u5316\u89e3\u91ab\u5b78\u79d1\u6280\u8207\u4eba\u6027\u9700\u6c42\u7684
\n\u885d\u7a81\u8207\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4ee5\u502b\u7406\u7684\u5167\u6db5\u4f5c\u70ba\u91ab\u5e2b\u5f9e\u4e8b\u91ab
\n\u7642\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5167\u7701\u4f9d\u64da\u3002\u91ab\u7642\u79d1\u6280\u5f9e 20 \u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u5230 21 \u4e16
\n\u7d00\u7a81\u98db\u731b\u9032\uff0c\u5176\u767c\u5c55\u975e\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u63d0\u4f9b\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u9867\uff0c\u91ab
\n\u6cbb\u904e\u53bb\u675f\u624b\u7121\u7b56\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u66f4\u5e36\u52d5\u91ab\u5b78\u5f80\u751f\u6b96\u79d1
\n\u6280\u3001\u57fa\u56e0\u91ab\u5b78\u3001\u79fb\u690d\u91ab\u5b78\u7b49\u65b0\u8208\u9818\u57df\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u91ab\u5b78
\n\u79d1\u6280\u7a81\u7834\u74f6\u9838\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u502b\u7406\u722d\u8b70\u96a8\u4e4b\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u91ab
\n\u5b78\u61c9\u96a8\u6642\u4ee3\u8abf\u6574\u8207\u4eba\u6027\u9593\u76f8\u4e92\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703(World Medical Association, WMA) \u6210\u7acb
\n\u65bc 1947 \u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u5b97\u65e8\u4e4b\u4e00\u5728\u65bc\u64ec\u5b9a\u5168\u7403\u9069\u7528\u7684\u91ab\u5b78
\n\u502b\u7406\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u76f4\u5230 2005 \u5e74\u5b8c\u6210\u8a72\u6703\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u5168\u7403\u901a\u884c
\n\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8f14\u52a9\u6559\u6750—-\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u624b\u518a(Medical
\nEthics Manual) \uff0c \u96a8 \u5f8c \u900f \u904e \u5404 \u570b \u91ab \u5e2b \u6703 (National
\nMedical Association, NMA)\u7684\u5171\u8b58\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7de8\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u5171\u540c
\n\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6307\u5f15\uff0c\u671f\u76fc\u7d93\u7531\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u5c07
\n\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u91ab\u300c\u75c5\u300d\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u81f3\u5177\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u91ab\u300c\u4eba\u300d
\n\u7167\u9867\u3002\u56e0\u61c9 2006 \u5e74\u4fee\u6b63\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u5ba3\u8a00(Declaration of
\nGeneva)\u30012013 \u5e74\u4fee\u6b63\u8d6b\u723e\u65b0\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00(Declaration of
\nHelsinki)\uff0c\u4eca\uff082015\uff09\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u518d\u4fee\u6b63\u91ab\u5b78\u502b
\n\u7406\u624b\u518a\u90e8\u5206\u5167\u5bb9\u5b8c\u6210\u7b2c\u4e09\u7248\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u624b\u518a(Medical
\nEthics Manual 3rd edition 2015)\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u5e8f
\n5
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u516c\u6703\u5168\u570b\u806f\u5408\u6703\u70ba\u8207\u6642\u4ff1\u9032\uff0c\u5728\u53d6\u5f97\u4e16\u754c\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u6703\u502b\u7406\u59d4\u54e1\u6703 2015 \u5e74\u7b2c\u4e09\u7248\u300c\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u624b\u518a\u300d
\n\u4e2d\u8b6f\u672c\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u5f8c\uff0c\u96a8\u5373\u9032\u884c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u53ca\u5370\u88fd\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u85c9
\n\u7531\u672c\u624b\u518a\u63d0\u4f9b\u570b\u5167\u91ab\u5e2b\u53c3\u8003\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4e26\u4f5c\u70ba\u5404\u5927\u5b78
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u7cfb\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8ab2\u7a0b\u7684\u6559\u6750\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u5c07\u5efa\u7f6e\u65bc\u672c
\n\u6703\u7db2\u7ad9\u5c08\u5340\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u672c\u570b\u91ab\u7642\u5408\u4e4e\u6642\u4ee3\u502b\u7406\u6f6e\u6d41\uff0c
\n\u5177\u5099\u7121\u570b\u754c\u7684\u91ab\u8005\u60c5\u61f7\uff0c\u5584\u76e1\u81fa\u7063\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u885b\u751f\u516c
\n\u6c11\u7684\u5929\u8077\uff0c\u505a\u5230\u4ee5\u75c5\u4eba\u798f\u7949\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u5316\u7167
\n\u9867\u3002
\n\u6700\u5f8c\u6b64\u624b\u518a\u4e4b\u5b8c\u6210\u8981\u611f\u8b1d\u7b2c\u5341\u5c46\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u66a8\u7d00\u5f8b
\n\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u838a\u7dad\u5468\u53ec\u96c6\u59d4\u54e1\u66a8\u5168\u9ad4\u59d4\u54e1\u3001\u672c\u6703\u9867\u554f\u5433
\n\u904b\u6771\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e4b\u5354\u52a9\u53ca\u5be9\u95b1\u3002
\n\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u91ab\u5e2b\u516c\u6703\u5168\u570b\u806f\u5408\u6703\u7406\u4e8b\u9577
\n\u8607\u6e05\u6cc9
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u5e8f
\n6
\n\u8b1d\u8a8c
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u502b\u7406\u90e8\uff08WMA Ethics Unit\uff09\u7531\u8877\u611f\u8b1d
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4eba\u58eb\u65bc\u672c\u624b\u518a\u8349\u64ec\u968e\u6bb5\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u4e4b\u5ee3\u6cdb\u800c\u6df1\u5165
\n\u7684\u898b\u89e3\uff1a
\nProf. Solly Benatar, University of Cape Town, South Africa
\nProf. Kenneth Boyd, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
\nDr. Annette J. Braunack-Mayer, University of Adelaide,
\nAustralia
\nDr. Robert Carlson, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
\nMr. Sev Fluss, WMA and CIOMS, Geneva, Switzerland
\nProf. Eugenijus Gefenas, University of Vilnius, Lithuania
\nDr. Delon Human, WMA, Ferney-Voltaire, France
\nDr. Girish Bobby Kapur, George Washington University,
\nWashington, DC, USA
\nProf. Nuala Kenny, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
\nProf. Cheryl Cox Macpherson, St. George\u2019s University,
\nGrenada
\nMs. Mareike Moeller, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover,
\nGermany
\nProf. Ferenc Oberfrank, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
\nBudapest, Hungary
\nMr. Atif Rahman, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar,
\nPakistan
\nMr. Mohamed Swailem, Banha Faculty of Medicine, Banha,
\nEgypt, \u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u5341\u500b\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5354\u52a9\u627e\u51fa\u975e\u82f1\u8a9e
\n\u7cfb\u570b\u5bb6\u5b78\u751f\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7684\u82f1\u8a9e\u5b57\u5f59\u3002
\n\u672c\u624b\u518a\u7b2c\u4e00\u7248\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u7531Johnson & Johnson\u516c\u53f8\u734e\u52a9\u91d1\u7121\u9650\u8d0a\u52a9
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u8b1d
\n\u8a8c
\n7
\n\u524d\u8a00
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u79d8\u66f8\u9577 Dr. Delon Human
\n\u8ddd\u96e2\u5e0c\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u7b49\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u8005\u767c\u8868\u76f8\u95dc\u6587
\n\u737b\u81f3\u4eca\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u4e8c\u5343\u9918\u5e74\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4ee4\u4eba\u96e3\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684
\n\u662f\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u754c\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u7136\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u5957\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u3001\u80fd\u88ab\u666e\u4e16
\n\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8ab2\u7a0b\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u300a\u91ab
\n\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u624b\u518a\u300b\u7684\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u586b\u88dc\u9019\u500b\u7f3a\u61be\u3002
\n\u80fd\u5c07\u9019\u672c\u624b\u518a\u4ecb\u7d39\u7d66\u60a8\uff0c\u5be6\u5728\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u69ae
\n\u5e78\uff01
\n\u9019\u672c\u624b\u518a\u6e90\u8d77\u65bc1999\u5e74\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u5341\u4e00\u5c46\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703
\n\u5927\u6703\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u8457\u5168\u7403\u5404\u5730\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u9f4a\u805a\u4e00\u5802\uff0c
\n\u6c7a\u5b9a\u300c\u5f37\u70c8\u5efa\u8b70\u5168\u7403\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u61c9\u8a72\u5c07\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8207\u4eba
\n\u6b0a\u6559\u80b2\u7d0d\u5165\u5fc5\u4fee\u8ab2\u7a0b\u300d\u3002\u70ba\u914d\u5408\u9019\u9805\u6c7a\u8b70\uff0c\u6211\u5011
\n\u958b\u59cb\u70ba\u5168\u7403\u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u91ab\u5b78\u751f\u767c\u5c55\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6559
\n\u5b78\u8f14\u52a9\u6559\u6750\uff0c\u9019\u5957\u6559\u6750\u4e43\u662f\u4ee5\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u653f\u7b56
\n\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4f46\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u975e\u653f\u7b56\u6587\u737b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u624b\u518a
\n\u662f\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u502b\u7406\u90e8\u7684\u5f15\u5c0e\u8207\u5354\u8abf\u4e0b\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u5168
\n\u7403\u6574\u9ad4\u767c\u5c55\u8207\u78cb\u5546\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002
\n\u73fe\u4ee3\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u5df2\u7d93\u5f15\u767c\u4e86\u6975\u5ea6\u8907\u96dc\u800c\u591a\u9762\u5411\u7684\u502b
\n\u7406\u96e3\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u91ab\u5e2b\u5f80\u5f80\u6c92\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u9019
\n\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u672c\u624b\u518a\u7279\u5730\u8a2d\u8a08\u4f86\u5f37\u5316\u8207\u63d0\u6607\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u502b
\n\u7406\u601d\u8003\u8207\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u5957\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5354\u52a9\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u5728
\n\u906d\u9047\u9019\u4e00\u985e\u96e3\u984c\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u53ef\u627e\u51fa\u5408\u4e4e\u502b\u7406\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a
\n\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u672c\u624b\u518a\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5217\u51fa\u300c\u5c0d\u8207\u932f\u300d\u7684\u6aa2\u6838\u8868\uff0c
\n\u4f46\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u91ab\u5e2b\u826f\u77e5\u7684\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u826f\u77e5\u624d\u662f
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u524d
\n\u8a00
\n8
\n\u4f5c\u51fa\u7b26\u5408\u502b\u7406\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u6839\u672c\u3002\u70ba\u9054\u5230\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u60a8\u6703
\n\u767c\u73fe\u6587\u4e2d\u6709\u6578\u500b\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5728\u5f37\u5316\u8b80\u8005
\n\u7684\u502b\u7406\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u80fd\u4fc3\u9032\u5c0f\u7d44\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002
\n\u8eab\u70ba\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6df1\u77e5\u80fd\u53c3\u8207\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u662f\u4f55\u7b49\u7684\u7279
\n\u6b0a\uff0c\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5728\u502b\u7406\u8207\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fc3
\n\u9032\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u672c\u624b\u518a
\n\u5728\u7d50\u69cb\u4e0a\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u662f\u8981\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u95dc\u4fc2
\n\u4e2d\u6240\u9762\u81e8\u7684\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u4ecd\u7136\u6703\u662f\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002
\n\u800c\u8fd1\u4f86\u7531\u65bc\u53d7\u5230\u8cc7\u6e90\u6709\u9650\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c
\n\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u5df2\u7d93\u627f\u53d7\u4e0d\u5c11\u58d3\u529b\uff0c\u672c\u624b\u518a\u5c07\u8aaa\u660e\u900f\u904e
\n\u502b\u7406\u5be6\u8e10\u4f86\u5f37\u5316\u9019\u5c64\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002
\n\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8981\u63d0\u5230\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u300d\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u653f
\n\u7b56\u90fd\u80af\u5b9a\uff1a\u502b\u7406\u4e0a\uff0c\u500b\u5225\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u61c9\u8a72\u662f
\n\u4e00\u5207\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u9996\u8981\u8003\u616e\u3002\u671f\u5f85\u672c\u624b\u518a\u80fd\u5728
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u751f\u8207\u91ab\u5e2b\u65e5\u5e38\u884c\u91ab\u53ca\u9762\u5c0d\u502b\u7406\u6311\u6230\u6642\uff0c\u80fd\u5354
\n\u52a9\u4ed6\u5011\u638c\u63e1\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u4e26\u627e\u5230\u80fd\u9054\u6210\u300c\u75c5\u60a3\u7b2c\u4e00\u512a
\n\u5148\u300d\u7684\u6700\u6709\u6548\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u91ab\u5b78
\n\u502b\u7406\u624b\u518a\uff0c\u624d\u7b97\u662f\u4e0d\u8ca0\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u521d\u8877\uff01
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u524d
\n\u8a00
\n9
\n\u7dd2\u8ad6
\n\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\uff1f
\n\u60f3\u50cf\u4e00\u4e0b\u9019\u4e9b\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u751f\u7684\u6848
\n\u4f8b\uff1a
\n1. P\u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u91ab\u8853\u8207\u7d93\u9a57\u517c\u5099\u7684\u5916\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728
\n\u4e00\u5bb6\u4e2d\u578b\u793e\u5340\u91ab\u9662\u503c\u5b8c\u665a\u73ed\u5f8c\u6b63\u6e96\u5099\u96e2\u53bb\u3002\u9019
\n\u6642\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5e74\u8f15\u5973\u5b50\u88ab\u5979\u7684\u6bcd\u89aa\u9001\u9032\u91ab\u9662\u3002\u5979\u7684
\n\u6bcd\u89aa\u544a\u77e5\u503c\u73ed\u8b77\u58eb\u5979\u5fc5\u9808\u56de\u5bb6\u7167\u9867\u5176\u4ed6\u5b69\u5b50\u4e4b
\n\u5f8c\uff0c\u4fbf\u7acb\u5373\u96e2\u53bb\u3002\u9019\u540d\u60a3\u8005\u4e0b\u9ad4\u6d41\u8840\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5fcd
\n\u53d7\u8457\u5287\u75db\u3002P\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u4f5c\u904e\u6aa2\u67e5\u5f8c\uff0c\u7814\u5224\u9019\u540d\u5973\u5b50
\n\u82e5\u4e0d\u662f\u6d41\u7522\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u884c\u9032\u884c\u58ae\u80ce\u3002P\u91ab\u5e2b\u5e6b\u9019\u540d
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u9032\u884c\u5b50\u5bae\u64f4\u5f35\u53ca\u522e\u9664\u8853\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u8b77\u58eb\u8a62
\n\u554f\u75c5\u60a3\u662f\u5426\u652f\u4ed8\u5f97\u8d77\u5230\u5979\u812b\u96e2\u96aa\u5883\u70ba\u6b62\u7684\u4f4f\u9662
\n\u8cbb\u7528\u3002\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0cP\u91ab\u5e2b\u8fd4\u5bb6\u96e2\u53bb\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u8ddf\u75c5\u60a3\u8aaa\u4e0a
\n\u4e00\u53e5\u8a71\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u5247\u7531Q\u91ab\u5e2b\u63a5\u624b\u3002
\n2. S\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u65bc\u70ba\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u6bdb\u75c5\u770b\u597d\u5e7e\u500b\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u8010\u7169\uff0c\u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u6d6a\u8cbb\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7
\n\u6e90\uff0c\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u4e5f\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c
\n\u56e0\u6b64\u5979\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8981\u544a\u8a34\u9019\u4e9b\u75c5\u60a3\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u7e7c\u7e8c\u627e
\n\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5e2b\u770b\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5979\u5c07\u6703\u62d2\u7d55\u6cbb\u7642\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u3002\u5979\u6253\u7b97\u627e\u5168\u570b\u91ab\u5e2b\u5354\u6703\u53bb\u904a\u8aaa\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5f9e\u653f
\n\u7b56\u9762\u4f86\u904f\u6b62\u9019\u7a2e\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0d\u7576\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u3002
\n3. C\u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u5e02\u7acb\u91ab\u9662\u65b0\u4f86\u7684\u9ebb\u9189\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b (anesthetist)
\n\uff0c\u5728\u770b\u5230\u8cc7\u6df1\u5916\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u624b\u8853\u5ba4\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7dd2
\n\u8ad6
\n10
\n\u611f\u5230\u5341\u5206\u932f\u6115\uff1a\u8cc7\u6df1\u91ab\u5e2b\u4f7f\u7528\u904e\u6642\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u958b\u5200
\n\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u62c9\u9577\u624b\u8853\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u5728\u8853\u5f8c\u7684\u75bc\u75db
\n\u671f\u8207\u6062\u5fa9\u671f\u4e5f\u76f8\u5c0d\u5730\u5ef6\u9577\u3002\u4e0d\u50c5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u9084\u5e38
\n\u62ff\u60a3\u8005\u4f86\u958b\u73a9\u7b11\uff0c\u5167\u5bb9\u7c97\u4fd7\u4e0d\u582a\u5165\u8033\uff0c\u8b93\u4e00\u65c1
\n\u5354\u52a9\u7684\u8b77\u58eb\u5f88\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\u3002C\u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u525b\u4f86\u7684\u65b0\u4eba\uff0c\u8cc7
\n\u6b77\u5dee\u4e86\u4e00\u5927\u622a\uff0c\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u79c1\u5e95\u4e0b\u6279\u8a55\u6216\u5411\u4e0a\u5c64\u5831
\n\u544a\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u4ed6\u9084\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u6240\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u597d\u8b93\u60c5\u6cc1
\n\u6709\u6240\u6539\u5584\u3002
\n(\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u659c\u9ad4\u5b57\u90fd\u5217\u65bc\u9644\u9304A\u7684\u540d\u8a5e\u91cb\u7fa9\u4e2d)
\n4. R\u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u504f\u9060\u5c0f\u93ae\u7684\u5bb6\u91ab\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\u3002\u6709\u500b\u7d04\u50f1\u7684\u7814
\n\u7a76\u6a5f\u69cb\u627e\u5979\u53c3\u8207\u4e00\u500b\u6cbb\u7642\u9aa8\u95dc\u7bc0\u708e\u7684\u975e\u985e\u56fa\u9187
\n\u6b62\u75db\u85e5(NSAID)\u4e4b\u65b0\u85e5\u81e8\u5e8a\u8a66\u9a57\u8a08\u756b\uff0c\u5979\u6bcf\u5728\u4e00
\n\u500b\u75c5\u60a3\u8eab\u4e0a\u8a66\u9a57\u65b0\u85e5\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u62ff\u5230\u4e00\u7b46\u916c\u52de\u3002
\n\u9019\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u696d\u52d9\u4ee3\u8868\u5411\u5979\u4fdd\u8b49\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u8a66\u9a57
\n\u8a08\u756b\u5df2\u7d93\u5f97\u5230\u5305\u62ec\u91ab\u7642\u502b\u7406\u5be9\u67e5\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5728\u5167\u7684
\n\u6240\u6709\u8a31\u53ef\u3002R\u91ab\u5e2b\u4ee5\u524d\u5f9e\u672a\u53c3\u8207\u904e\u4eba\u9ad4\u8a66\u9a57\uff0c\u89ba
\n\u5f97\u9019\u500b\u6a5f\u6703\u975e\u5e38\u96e3\u5f97\uff0c\u66f4\u4f55\u6cc1\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u984d\u5916\u7684
\n\u6536\u5165\u3002\u65bc\u662fR\u91ab\u5e2b\u540c\u610f\u52a0\u5165\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8a62\u554f\u9019
\n\u500b\u8a66\u9a57\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0a\u6216\u502b\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u8003\u91cf\u3002
\n\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56db\u500b\u6848\u4f8b\u90fd\u80fd\u6fc0\u8d77\u502b\u7406\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5f15\u767c\u6709\u95dc
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\uff08physician\uff09\u884c\u70ba\u8207\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u554f\u984c\u2013\u4e26\u975e\u5982\u4f55\u6cbb
\n\u7642\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u9032\u884c\u300c\u51a0\u72c0\u52d5\u8108\u96d9\u8840\u7ba1
\n\u7e5e\u9053\u624b\u8853(double bypass)\u300d\u7b49\u79d1\u5b78\u6216\u6280\u8853\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u554f
\n\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u50f9\u503c\uff08value\uff09\u3001\u6b0a\u76ca\u8207\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u554f
\n\u984c\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u9762\u5c0d\u9019\u985e\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u8207\u9762\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u6280\u8853
\n\u5c64\u9762\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u4e00\u6a23\u9ad8\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7dd2
\n\u8ad6
\n11
\n\u57f7\u884c\u91ab\u7642\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5c08\u9577\u6216\u79d1\u5225\u70ba\u4f55\uff0c
\n\u6709\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u6703\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u554f\u984c\u4f86\u5f97\u5bb9\u6613\u89e3\u6c7a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5c0d\u65bc
\n\u5f88\u7fd2\u65bc\u8655\u7406\u55ae\u7d14\u9aa8\u6298\u6216\u7e2b\u5408\u55ae\u7d14\u6495\u88c2\u50b7\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u800c
\n\u8a00\uff0c\u8655\u7406\u9019\u7a2e\u554f\u984c\u53ea\u662f\u5c0f\u4e8b\u4e00\u6a01\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u500b
\n\u6975\u7aef\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u8981\u5982\u4f55\u6cbb\u7642\u67d0\u4e9b\u75be\u75c5\u537b\u5145\u6eff\u4e86
\n\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\u8207\u6b67\u898b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u80ba\u7d50\u6838\u3001\u9ad8\u8840\u58d3\u9019\u4e9b\u5e38
\n\u898b\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u554f\u984c\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e26
\n\u975e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u554f\u984c\u90fd\u4e00\u6a23\u68d8\u624b\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u76f8\u5c0d\u800c
\n\u8a00\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u773e\u4eba\u5c0d\u65bc\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u6c7a\u5df2\u7d93\u6709
\n\u76f8\u7576\u7684\u5171\u8b58(\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c07\u75c5\u60a3\u7576\u505a\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e4b
\n\u524d\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u4e8b\u5148\u53d6\u5f97\u5176\u540c\u610f)\uff1b\u4f46\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u9084\u6c92\u6709\u5171
\n\u8b58\uff0c\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u66ff\u4ee3\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9
\n\u6848\u90fd\u6709\u7f3a\u9ede\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c
\n\u554f\u984c\u5247\u56f0\u96e3\u5f97\u591a\u3002\uff08\u4f8b
\n\u5982\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u914d\u7a00\u6709\u7684\u5065\u5eb7
\n\u7167\u8b77\u8cc7\u6e90\uff1f\uff09
\n\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u5b83\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u5e6b\u52a9\u91ab\u5e2b\u8655\u7406
\n\u9019\u985e\u554f\u984c\u5462\uff1f\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7814
\n\u7a76\u2013\u4ed4\u7d30\u800c\u6709\u7cfb\u7d71\u5730\u601d\u8003\u8207\u5206\u6790\u904e\u53bb\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u3001\u6216
\n\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8207\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u8207\u6c7a\u5b9a
\n\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u9762\u5411\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u5305\u62ec\u300c\u6b0a\u5229\u300d\u3001\u300c\u8cac
\n\u4efb \u300d \u3001 \u300c \u5fb7 \u884c \u300d (virtues) \u7b49 \u540d \u8a5e \u4ee5 \u53ca \u300c \u5584 \u300d \u3001
\n\u300c\u60e1\u300d(\u6216\u90aa\u60e1)\u300c\u5c0d\u300d\u3001\u300c\u932f\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6b63\u7fa9\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4e0d
\n\u7fa9\u300d\u7b49\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3002
\n\u6839 \u64da \u9019 \u4e9b \u5b9a \u7fa9 \uff0c \u300c \u502b \u7406 \u300d \u57fa \u672c \u4e0a \u662f \u95dc \u4e4e \u300c \u77e5
\n(knowing)\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u95dc\u4e4e\u300c\u884c(doing)\u300d\u3002
\n\u5169\u8005\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u5728\u65bc\u502b\u7406\u80fd\u5920\u63d0\u4f9b\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c
\n\u502b\u7406\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7814
\n\u7a76-\u4ed4\u7d30\u800c\u6709\u7cfb\u7d71\u5730\u601d
\n\u8003\u8207\u5206\u6790\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a
\n\u8207\u884c\u70ba\u3002
\n\u502b\u7406\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7814
\n\u7a76 – \u4ed4\u7d30\u800c\u6709\u7cfb\u7d71\u5730
\n\u601d\u8003\u8207\u5206\u6790\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6c7a
\n\u5b9a\u8207\u884c\u70ba\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7dd2
\n\u8ad6
\n12
\n\u8b93\u4eba\u5011\u9078\u64c7\u8a72\u600e\u9ebc\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6216\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\u3002
\n\u7531\u65bc\u502b\u7406\u662f\u95dc\u4e4e\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u4ee5\u53ca\u505a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u5404\u500b\u9762
\n\u5411\uff0c\u5b83\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u5ee3\u4e5f\u5f88\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u800c
\n\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u7684\u5206\u652f\u6216\u6b21\u9818\u57df\u3002\u672c\u624b\u518a\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u4e43\u5728\u91ab\u5b78
\n\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u652f\uff0c\u8655\u7406\u91ab\u7642\u57f7\u696d\u4e2d\u7684\u9053
\n\u5fb7\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8207\u751f\u547d\u502b\u7406(bioethics;\u53c8\u7a31\u751f\u7269
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406biomedical ethics)\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8
\n\u540c\u3002\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8457\u91cd\u5728\u91ab\u7642\u884c\u70ba\u6240\u884d\u751f\u7684\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u751f
\n\u547d\u502b\u7406\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u9580\u5f88\u5ee3\u7684\u5b78\u79d1\uff0c\u95dc\u5207\u7684\u662f\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684
\n\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6240\u884d\u751f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u751f\u547d\u502b
\n\u7406\u8207\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u5728\u65bc\u751f\u547d\u502b\u7406
\n\u4e26\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u53bb\u63a5\u53d7\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c0d\u65bc\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u5f88\u57fa
\n\u672c\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u50f9\u503c(\u6211\u5011\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u4e2d\u6703\u770b\u5230\u90a3\u4e9b\u50f9\u503c)\u3002
\n\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u9580\u5b78\u8853\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5df2\u7d93\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7279
\n\u5225\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8a31\u591a\u5f9e\u54f2\u5b78\u501f\u7528\u904e\u4f86\u7684\u8a9e\u8a5e\u3002\u672c
\n\u624b\u518a\u4e26\u672a\u5047\u5b9a\u8b80\u8005\u5728\u95b1\u8b80\u524d\u5c0d\u54f2\u5b78\u5df2\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\uff0c\u56e0
\n\u6b64\u5728\u5167\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u95dc\u9375\u8a5e\u6642\u6216\u662f\u624b\u518a\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u540d\u8a5e\u91cb
\n\u7fa9\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u6703\u5217\u51fa\u95dc\u9375\u8a5e\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3002
\n\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8981\u7814\u7fd2\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406
\n\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u53ea\u8981\u5b78\u554f\u548c\u91ab\u8853\u597d\u5c31\u884c\u4e86\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u4e26\u4e0d\u91cd
\n\u8981\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u502b\u7406\u662f\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5b78\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u5b78\u7684\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u662f\u900f\u904e\u89c0\u5bdf\u8cc7\u6df1\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u5b78\u4f86\u7684\uff0c
\n\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f9e\u66f8\u672c\u6216\u8ab2\u5802\u6f14\u8b1b\u7fd2\u5f97\u7684\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u502b\u7406\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u8ab2\u7a0b\u5df2\u7d93\u592a\u6eff\uff0c\u6392\u4e0d\u9032
\n\u502b\u7406\u6559\u5b78\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7dd2
\n\u8ad6
\n13
\n\u9019\u4e9b\u662f\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u8ab2\u7a0b\u4e2d\u672a\u628a\u502b\u7406\u8996\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u4e00
\n\u4e9b\u5e38\u898b\u7406\u7531\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u500b\u5225\u90fd\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f
\n\u90e8\u5206\u6b63\u78ba\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u6f38\u6f38\u9ad4\u8a8d\u5230\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u5fc5\u9808\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b78\u751f\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u6642\u9593\u8ddf\u8cc7\u6e90\u4f86\u5b78\u7fd2\u91ab\u5b78\u502b
\n\u7406\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u7372\u5f97\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703(WMA)\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5b78
\n\u6559\u80b2\u806f\u76df(World
\nFederation of Medical
\nEducation)\u7b49\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u5927\u529b
\n\u9f13\u52f5\uff0c\u800c\u5f80\u9019\u500b\u65b9\u5411\u767c
\n\u5c55\u3002(\u53c3\u8003\u9644\u9304C)
\n\u5f9e\u9019\u672c\u624b\u518a\u5c07\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\uff0c
\n\u502b\u7406\u5728\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5c07\u8d8a\u8da8\u660e\u986f\u3002\u7e3d\u62ec\u4f86
\n\u8aaa\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u6c38\u9060\u90fd\u662f\u91ab\u7642\u57f7\u696d\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u6210\u5206\u3002\u50cf
\n\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u683c\u3001\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fdd\u5bc6\u7684\u502b\u7406\u539f\u5247\u90fd\u662f
\n\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u61c9\u7528\u9019\u4e9b
\n\u539f\u5247\u537b\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u6709\u7591\u7fa9\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u91ab\u5e2b\u3001\u75c5\u60a3\u3001
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u5bb6\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u4eba\u54e1\u6216\u8a31\u5c0d\u65bc\u8a72\u60c5
\n\u5883\u4e2d\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u898b\u3002\u5b78\u7fd2\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8b93\u91ab\u5b78
\n\u751f\u505a\u597d\u6e96\u5099\uff0c\u4ee5\u77ad\u89e3\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u77e5\u9053\u8a72\u5982
\n\u4f55\u4ee5\u7406\u6027\u3001\u6709\u539f\u5247\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u5b83\u5011\u3002\u7576\u91ab\u5e2b\u8207
\n\u793e\u6703\u3001\u540c\u4e8b\u9032\u884c\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u5f9e\u4e8b\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u6642\uff0c\u502b
\n\u7406\u4e5f\u626e\u6f14\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002
\n\u300c\u5b78\u7fd2\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8b93\u91ab\u5b78
\n\u751f\u53ef\u505a\u597d\u6e96\u5099\uff0c\u4ee5\u77ad
\n\u89e3\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14
\n\u77e5\u9053\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u7406\u6027\u3001
\n\u6709\u539f\u5247\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u8655\u7406
\n\u5b83\u5011\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u5b78\u7fd2\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8b93\u91ab\u5b78
\n\u751f\u53ef\u505a\u597d\u6e96\u5099\uff0c\u4ee5\u77ad
\n\u89e3\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14
\n\u77e5\u9053\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u7406\u6027\u3001
\n\u6709\u539f\u5247\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u8655\u7406
\n\u5b83\u5011\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7dd2
\n\u8ad6
\n14
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u3001\u91ab\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u4eba\u6b0a\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b
\n\u5982\u540c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u8ac7\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5f9e\u5e0c\u81d8\u91ab\u5e2b\u5e0c
\n\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u8d77\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u897f\u5143\u524d\u7b2c\u4e94\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u502b
\n\u7406\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u662f\u91ab\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5e0c\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u91ab
\n\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4e4b\u7236\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4fbf\u662f\u6e90\u81ea\u4ed6\uff1b\u7531\u65bc
\n\u505a\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c08\u696d\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u516c\u958b\u627f\u8afe\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u628a\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u5229
\n\u76ca\u7f6e\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u4e0a(\u53c3\u8003\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c07\u6709\u66f4\u6df1\u5165
\n\u7684\u89e3\u91cb)\u3002\u5728\u672c\u624b\u518a\u4e2d\uff0c\u660e\u986f\u53ef\u898b\u502b\u7406\u8207\u5c08\u696d\u4e3b\u7fa9
\n\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002
\n\u8fd1\u4f86\uff0c\u4eba\u6b0a \u7684\u767c\u5c55\u5927\u5927\u5730\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u3002\u5728\u591a
\n\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u591a\u6587\u5316\u3001\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u9053\u5fb7\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u4e16\u754c
\n\u4e2d\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u767c\u5c55\u8de8\u8d8a\u570b\u5bb6\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7586\u754c\u800c\u70ba\u666e\u4e16\u63a5\u53d7
\n\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u570b\u969b\u4eba\u6b0a\u5354\u8b70\u5c07\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b
\n\u5176\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u7d93\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u8655\u7406\u50cf\u5f37\u5236\u9077\u79fb\u3001
\n\u8650\u5f85\u7b49\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6b0a\u6240\u5c0e\u81f4\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u554f\u984c\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u6709\u95dc\u5065
\n\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5f71
\n\u97ff\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u5c07\u5927\u81f4\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u54ea
\n\u4e9b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u672c\u624b\u518a\u4e5f\u5c07\u4ed4\u7d30\u601d
\n\u8003\u5f71\u97ff\u91ab\u7642\u57f7\u696d\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u8b70\u984c\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4e5f\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b \u606f\u606f\u76f8\u95dc\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6578\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u6709\u6cd5
\n\u5f8b\u898f\u5b9a\u91ab\u5e2b\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u8655\u7406
\n\u5728\u7167\u8b77\u75c5\u60a3\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u9762
\n\u7684\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5c0d
\n\u65bc \u91ab \u5e2b \u9055 \u53cd \u502b \u7406 \u7684 \u884c
\n\u70ba\uff0c\u8ca0\u8cac\u6838\u767c\u91ab\u7642\u57f7\u7167
\n\u300c\u2026\u502b\u7406\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u884c
\n\u70ba\u6a19\u6e96\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981
\n\u6c42\u7684\u9084\u9ad8\uff1b\u7576\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981
\n\u6c42\u505a\u9055\u53cd\u502b\u7406\u7684\u884c\u70ba
\n\u6642\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u6709\u6642\u9084\u6703\u8981
\n\u6c42\u91ab\u5e2b\u9055\u80cc\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300d
\n\u300c\u2026\u502b\u7406\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u884c
\n\u70ba\u6a19\u6e96\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981
\n\u6c42\u7684\u9084\u9ad8\uff1b\u7576\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981
\n\u6c42\u505a\u9055\u53cd\u502b\u7406\u7684\u884c\u70ba
\n\u6642\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u6709\u6642\u9084\u6703\u8981
\n\u6c42\u91ab\u5e2b\u9055\u80cc\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7dd2
\n\u8ad6
\n15
\n\u8207\u4e3b\u7ba1\u7684\u55ae\u4f4d\u53ef\u4ee5\u3001\u4e5f\u78ba\u5be6\u505a\u904e\u61f2\u8655\u3002\u4f46\u502b\u7406\u8207
\n\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6a19\u6e96\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4\u6cd5
\n\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u9084\u9ad8\uff1b\u7576\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u505a\u9055\u53cd\u502b\u7406\u7684\u884c\u70ba
\n\u6642\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u6709\u6642\u9084\u6703\u8981\u6c42\u91ab\u5e2b\u9055\u80cc\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6cd5
\n\u5f8b\u6703\u96a8\u570b\u5bb6\u800c\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u537b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8d85\u8d8a\u570b
\n\u754c\u3002\u57fa\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u672c\u624b\u518a\u5c07\u8457\u91cd\u65bc\u502b\u7406\u800c\u975e\u6cd5
\n\u5f8b\u3002
\n\u7d50\u8a9e
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u4e5f\u662f\u85dd\u8853\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u8655\u7406\u7684\u662f\u53ef\u88ab\u89c0\u5bdf
\n\u6e2c\u91cf\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u7a31\u8077\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u8981\u80fd\u8fa8\u8b58\u75c5\u7665\uff0c
\n\u4e26\u4e14\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u6062\u5fa9\u5065\u5eb7\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u5f0f\u7684
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u6709\u5176\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u500b\u9ad4\u6027\u3001
\n\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6b0a\u5229\u548c\u7fa9\u52d9\u6642\u3002\u91ab\u5b78\u7684\u85dd
\n\u8853\u5728\u65bc\u5c07\u91ab\u5b78\u79d1\u6280\u61c9\u7528\u5230\u500b\u5225\u7684\u75c5\u4eba\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u8207
\n\u793e\u7fa4\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u5169\u500b\u75c5\u4eba\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u793e\u7fa4\u6703\u662f\u5b8c
\n\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff1b\u5176\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u986f\u7136\u5927\u591a\u662f\u975e\u751f\u7406\u5c64\u9762
\n\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u77ad\u89e3\u3001\u8655\u7406\u9019\u4e9b\u5dee\u7570\u6642\uff0c\u85dd\u8853\u3001
\n\u4eba\u6587\u3001\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u53ca\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6b63\u626e\u6f14\u8457\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002
\n\u78ba\u5be6\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5176\u4ed6\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u6d1e\u898b
\n\u8207\u8cc7\u6599\u800c\u66f4\u52a0\u8c50\u5bcc\uff0c\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ee5\u6232\u5287\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f
\n\u4f86\u5448\u73fe\u4e00\u500b\u81e8\u5e8a\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6bd4\u55ae\u7d14\u9673\u8ff0\u6848\u4f8b
\n\u66f4\u6709\u5f35\u529b\uff0c\u66f4\u80fd\u6fc0\u767c\u502b\u7406\u53cd\u601d\u8207\u5206\u6790\u3002
\n\u9019\u672c\u624b\u518a\u53ea\u80fd\u5c0d\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u53ca\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u8b70\u984c\u505a\u57fa\u672c
\n\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u8b93\u60a8\u4e86\u89e3\u6301\u7e8c\u601d\u8003\u91ab\u5b78\u7684\u502b\u7406
\n\u5c64\u9762\u4e4b\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8655\u7406\u57f7\u696d\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u9762
\n\u81e8\u7684\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u9644\u9304 B \u5217\u6709\u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e6b
\n\u52a9\u60a8\u52a0\u5f37\u9019\u500b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7dd2
\n\u8ad6
\n16
\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0 \u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5fb5
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n17
\n\u76ee\u6a19
\n\u8b80\u5b8c\u9019\u4e00\u7ae0\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u4f60\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u80fd\uff1a
\n\u25cf \u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4f55\u5c0d\u91ab\u5b78\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684
\n\u25cf \u6307\u51fa\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f86\u6e90
\n\u25cf \u77ad\u89e3\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6c7a\u7b56\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f60\u81ea\u5df1\u7684
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n18
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u6709\u4f55\u7279\u5225\uff1f
\n\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8a18\u8f09\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5404\u500b\u89d2\u843d\uff0c\u7576\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u90fd\u662f\u4ef6\u7279\u5225\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u7e3d\u662f\u5e36\u8457\u4ed6\u5011\u6700\u6025\u8feb\u7684
\n\u9700\u8981—\u6d88\u9664\u75bc\u75db\u6298\u78e8\u3001\u6062\u5fa9\u5065\u5eb7\u5e78\u798f—\u4f86\u5c0b\u6c42\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u7684\u5354\u52a9\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5141\u8a31\u91ab\u5e2b\u6aa2\u8996\u3001\u89f8\u6478\u6216\u64cd\u4f5c\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u5404\u90e8\u4f4d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f
\n\u6700\u79c1\u5bc6\u4e4b\u8655\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u9019\u9ebc
\n\u505a\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4fe1\u8cf4\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u4f9d
\n\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5229\u76ca\u884c\u4e8b\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u96a8\u570b\u5bb6\u800c\u7570\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u4e00\u570b\u5883\u5167\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d
\n\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u5728\u4e0b\u6ed1\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u91ab\u5e2b\u8a8d\u70ba
\n\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u518d\u53d7\u5230\u50cf\u5f9e\u524d\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u5c0a\u656c\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6
\n\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0d\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6b0a\u4e0d\u65b7\u5f9e\u91ab\u5e2b\u90a3\u79fb\u8f49\u5230\u5c08
\n\u696d\u7d93\u7406\u4eba\u548c\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u54e1\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u6709\u7684\u50be\u5411\u5c07\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u8996\u70ba\u91ab\u7642\u6539\u9769\u7684\u963b\u7919\u3001\u800c\u975e\u5925\u4f34\u3002\u904e\u53bb\u5411\u4f86\u7121
\n\u7570\u8b70\u63a5\u53d7\u91ab\u56d1\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u5982\u679c\u807d\u5230\u91ab\u5e2b\u505a\u51fa\u8207
\n\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5e2b\u6216\u7db2\u8def\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u6642\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u4e5f\u6703\u8981
\n\u6c42\u91ab\u5e2b\u8aaa\u660e\u4ed6\u5011\u70ba\u4f55\u90a3\u6a23
\n\u5efa\u8b70\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u904e\u53bb\u53ea\u6709\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u624d\u80fd\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u73fe
\n\u5728\u5247\u7531\u91ab\u6280\u4eba\u54e1\u3001\u8b77\u58eb\u6216
\n\u5176 \u4ed6 \u91ab \u52d9 \u8f14 \u4f50 \u4eba \u54e1
\n\uff08paramedics\uff09\u4f86\u57f7\u884c\u3002
\n\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u4e9b\u6539\u8b8a\u885d\u64ca\u5230\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u9700\u8981\u91ab\u7642
\n\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u4ecd\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u9ad8\u5ea6\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u5c08
\n\u696d\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u4e5f\u6301\u7e8c\u5730\u5438\u5f15\u5927\u91cf\u6700\u8cc7\u8ce6\u512a\u7570\u3001\u52e4\u596e\u548c
\n\u300c\u8a31\u591a\u91ab\u5e2b\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u4e0d\u518d\u53d7\u5230\u50cf\u5f9e\u524d\u4e00\u6a23
\n\u7684\u5c0a\u656c\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u70ba\u4e86\u7b26\u5408\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u53ca\u5b78\u751f\u5011\u7684\u671f\u671b\uff0c\u6709
\n\u4e00\u9ede\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u2014\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9
\n\u77ad\u89e3\u4e26\u9ad4\u73fe\u91ab\u5b78\u7684\u6838
\n\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u300d
\n\u300c\u8a31\u591a\u91ab\u5e2b\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d
\n\u518d\u53d7\u5230\u50cf\u5f9e\u524d\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u5c0a
\n\u656c\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u70ba\u4e86\u7b26\u5408\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u53ca\u5b78\u751f\u5011\u7684\u671f\u671b\uff0c\u6709
\n\u4e00\u9ede\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u2014\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9
\n\u77ad\u89e3\u4e26\u9ad4\u73fe\u91ab\u5b78\u7684\u6838
\n\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n19
\n\u5c08\u6ce8\u7684\u5b78\u5b50\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u7b26\u5408\u75c5\u60a3\u8207\u5b78\u5b50\u5011\u7684\u671f\u671b\uff0c\u6709
\n\u4e00\u9ede\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u2014\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u77ad\u89e3\u4e26\u9ad4\u73fe\u91ab\u5b78\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9
\n\u503c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u540c\u7406\u5fc3(compassion)\u3001\u80fd\u529b(competence)
\n\u8207\u81ea\u4e3b(autonomy)\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u50f9\u503c\u53ca\u5c0d\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u5c0a
\n\u91cd\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6709\u4f55\u7279\u5225\uff1f
\n\u96d6\u7136\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u8207\u81ea\u4e3b\u4e26\u975e\u91ab\u5b78\u7368\u6709\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c
\n\u4f46\u4eba\u5011\u671f\u671b\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c07\u4e4b\u4ee5\u9ad8\u6a19\u6e96\u9ad4\u73fe\u3002
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703
\n\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u5ba3\u8a00
\n\u5728\u5141\u8a31\u6211\u6210\u70ba\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u4e00\u54e1\u7684\u6b64\u523b\uff1a
\n\u6211\u912d\u91cd\u5730\u4fdd\u8b49\u8981\u5949\u737b\u6b64\u751f\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u670d\u52d9\uff1b
\n\u6211\u5c07\u7d66\u4e88\u6211\u7684\u5e2b\u9577\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u5c0a\u656c\u8207\u611f\u6234\uff1b
\n\u6211\u5c07\u79c9\u6301\u6211\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u548c\u5c0a\u56b4\u4f86\u5f9e\u4e8b\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\uff1b
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u5c07\u662f\u6211\u7684\u9996\u8981\u9867\u5ff5\uff1b
\n\u6240\u8a17\u4ed8\u4e88\u6211\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u6211\u5c07\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u75c5\u60a3\u8eab\u6545\u4ea6\u7136\uff1b
\n\u6211\u5c07\u76e1\u6211\u6240\u80fd\u5730\u7dad\u8b77\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u69ae\u8b7d\u53ca\u9ad8\u8cb4\u50b3\u7d71\uff1b
\n\u6211\u5c07\u770b\u5f85\u540c\u50da\u5982\u540c\u6211\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\u59ca\u59b9\uff1b
\n\u6211\u5c07\u4e0d\u5bb9\u8a31\u56e0\u5e74\u9f61\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u6216\u6b98\u969c\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u65cf\u88d4\u3001\u6027
\n\u5225\u3001\u570b\u7c4d\u3001\u653f\u9ee8\u3001\u4eba\u7a2e\u3001\u6027\u5225\u50be\u5411\u3001\u793e\u6703\u5730\u4f4d\u6216\u5176\u5b83
\n\u4efb\u4f55\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u8003\u91cf\u4f86\u5f71\u97ff\u6211\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff1b
\n\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u6211\u5c07\u5f9e\u5176\u958b\u59cb\u4fbf\u81f4\u4ee5\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\uff1b
\n\u5373\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u6211\u5c07\u4e0d\u6703\u904b\u7528\u6211\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u53bb\u9055
\n\u53cd\u4eba\u6b0a\u53ca\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\uff1b
\n\u6211\u912d\u91cd\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u4ee5\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u8b7d\u7acb\u6b64\u627f\u8afe\u3002\u6211\u912d\u91cd\u3001\u81ea\u7531
\n\u5730\u4ee5\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u8b7d\u7acb\u6b64\u627f\u8afe\u3002
\n\u5728\u5141\u8a31\u6211\u6210\u70ba\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u4e00\u54e1\u7684\u6b64\u523b\uff1a
\n\u3000\u6211\u912d\u91cd\u5730\u4fdd\u8b49\u8981\u5949\u737b\u6b64\u751f\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u670d\u52d9\uff1b
\n\u3000\u6211\u5c07\u7d66\u4e88\u6211\u7684\u5e2b\u9577\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u5c0a\u656c\u8207\u611f\u6234\uff1b
\n\u3000\u6211\u5c07\u79c9\u6301\u6211\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u548c\u5c0a\u56b4\u4f86\u5f9e\u4e8b\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\uff1b
\n\u3000\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u5c07\u662f\u6211\u7684\u9996\u8981\u9867\u5ff5\uff1b
\n\u3000\u6240\u8a17\u4ed8\u4e88\u6211\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u6211\u5c07\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c
\n\u3000\u5373\u4f7f\u75c5\u60a3\u8eab\u6545\u4ea6\u7136\uff1b
\n\u3000\u6211\u5c07\u76e1\u6211\u6240\u80fd\u5730\u7dad\u8b77\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u69ae\u8b7d\u53ca\u9ad8\u8cb4\u50b3\u7d71\uff1b
\n\u3000\u6211\u5c07\u770b\u5f85\u540c\u50da\u5982\u540c\u6211\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\u59ca\u59b9\uff1b
\n\u3000\u6211\u5c07\u4e0d\u5bb9\u8a31\u56e0\u5e74\u9f61\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u6216\u6b98\u969c\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u65cf\u88d4\u3001\u6027
\n\u3000\u5225\u3001\u570b\u7c4d\u3001\u653f\u9ee8\u3001\u4eba\u7a2e\u3001\u6027\u5225\u50be\u5411\u3001\u793e\u6703\u5730\u4f4d\u6216\u5176
\n\u3000\u5b83\u4efb\u4f55\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u8003\u91cf\u4f86\u5f71\u97ff\u6211\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff1b
\n\u3000\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u6211\u5c07\u5f9e\u5176\u958b\u59cb\u4fbf\u81f4\u4ee5\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\uff1b
\n\u3000\u5373\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u6211\u5c07\u4e0d\u6703\u904b\u7528\u6211\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u53bb
\n\u3000\u9055\u53cd\u4eba\u6b0a\u53ca\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\uff1b
\n\u3000\u6211\u912d\u91cd\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u4ee5\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u8b7d\u7acb\u6b64\u627f\u8afe\u3002\u6211\u912d\u91cd\u3001\u81ea\u3000
\n\u3000\u7531\u5730\u4ee5\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u8b7d\u7acb\u6b64\u627f\u8afe\u3002
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703
\n\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u5ba3\u8a00
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n20
\n\u300c\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u300d\u610f\u6307\u77ad\u89e3\u4e26\u95dc\u5fc3\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\uff0c\u9019\u5728\u91ab
\n\u7642\u57f7\u696d\u4e0a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u8981\u8655\u7406\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808
\n\u627e\u51fa\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u75c7\u72c0\u8207\u767c\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u610f\u9858
\n\u5e6b\u75c5\u60a3\u89e3\u9664\u75db\u82e6\u3002\u7576\u75c5\u60a3\u9ad4\u6703\u5230\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u4e4e\u4ed6\u5011\u6240
\n\u95dc\u5fc3\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u6cbb\u7642\u4ed6\u5011\u3001\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u6cbb\u7642\u75be\u75c5\u800c
\n\u5df2\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u6cbb\u7642\u6703\u6709\u8f03\u4f73\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u88ab\u671f\u671b\u8207\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u300c\u80fd\u529b\u300d\u662f\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u3002\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d
\n\u8db3\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6216\u75c5\u91cd\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u671f\u5f88
\n\u9577\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u78ba\u4fdd\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u7a31\u8077\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u9451\u65bc\u91ab\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58
\n\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u9032\u5c55\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u6301\u7e8c\u9762\u81e8\u7dad\u6301\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002
\n\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e0d\u50c5\u9808\u7dad\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6280\u8853\uff0c
\n\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u7dad\u6301\u502b\u7406\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u6280\u5de7\u8207\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u96a8\u8457
\n\u91ab\u7642\u57f7\u696d\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u8b8a\u9077\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c
\n\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65b7\u51fa\u73fe\u3002
\n\u300c\u81ea\u4e3b\u300d\u6216\u300c\u81ea\u6c7a(self-determination)\u300d\u662f\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u8b8a
\n\u5316\u6700\u5927\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\uff0c\u500b\u5225\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u65bc
\n\u5982\u4f55\u6cbb\u7642\u75c5\u60a3\u4eab\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u81e8\u5e8a\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u5168\u9ad4
\n\uff08\u91ab\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\uff09\u5247\u88ab\u8ce6\u4e88\u81ea\u4e3b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u8207\u91ab\u7642
\n\u57f7\u696d\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u672c\u624b\u518a\u6240\u6e05\u695a\u5448\u73fe\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u8a31\u591a
\n\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u91ab\u5e2b\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\u65b9\u5f0f\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u653f\u5e9c
\n\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u6b0a\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u65bd\u4ee5\u7ba1\u5236\u4e4b\u6a5f\u95dc\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5118\u7ba1
\n\u9762\u81e8\u9019\u4e9b\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u4ecd\u91cd\u8996\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u81e8\u5e8a\u8207\u5c08\u696d
\n\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e26\u5617\u8a66\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5\u4fdd\u7559\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u5404
\n\u5730 \u7684 \u91ab \u5e2b \u4e5f \u90fd \u666e \u904d \u8d0a \u540c \u75c5 \u60a3 \u81ea \u4e3b (patient
\nautonomy)\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u81ea\u4e3b\u662f\u8aaa\uff1a\u75c5\u60a3\u5c0d\u65bc\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4e8b\u52d9\uff0c\u61c9\u70ba\u6700\u7d42\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8005\u3002\u672c\u624b\u518a\u5c07\u8655\u7406\u5728
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n21
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u81ea\u4e3b\u8207\u5c0a\u91cd\u75c5\u60a3\u81ea\u4e3b\u9593\u767c\u751f\u53ef\u80fd\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u4f8b
\n\u5b50\u3002
\n\u9664\u4e86\u9075\u5faa\u9019\u4e09\u9805\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u548c\u4eba\u4eba
\n\u5747\u53ef\u9069\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u502b\u7406\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u9805\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u6703\u900f\u904e\u50cf
\n\u4e16 \u754c \u91ab \u5e2b \u6703 \u65e5 \u5167 \u74e6 \u5ba3 \u8a00 (The World Medical
\nAssociation Declaration of Geneva)\u7684\u8a93\u8a5e\u548c\/\u6216\u5b88\u5247
\n(code)\u9032\u884c\u516c\u958b\u7684\u5ba3\u8a93(to be professed)\u3002\u8a93\u8a5e\u53ca\u5b88\u5247
\n\u56e0\u570b\u5bb6\u800c\u7570\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6240\u4e0d
\n\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5011\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u627f\u8afe\u5c07\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u7f6e\u65bc\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3001\u4e0d\u6703\u57fa\u65bc\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u5b97
\n\u6559\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6b0a\u57fa\u790e\u800c\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u6709\u6240\u6b67\u8996\u3001\u5c07\u7dad\u8b77\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u9700\u8981\u4e4b\u4eba\u65bd\u4e88\u6025
\n\u6551\u3002
\n\u8ab0\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4f55\u8b02\u502b\u7406\uff1f
\n\u502b\u7406\u662f\u591a\u5143\u5316\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u6b63\u78ba
\n\u7684\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u300d\u6703\u6709\u610f\u898b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c
\n\u5373\u4f7f\u610f\u898b\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u5728\u67d0
\n\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\uff0c\u51fa\u73fe\u6b67\u898b\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5e38\u614b\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ea\u8981\u4e0d
\n\u4fb5\u72af\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u505a\u81ea\u5df1\u60f3\u505a
\n\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8f03\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u89c0\u9ede\u8f03\u70ba\u4e00
\n\u81f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u8f03\u5927\u7684\u793e\u6703\u58d3\u529b\u8981\u6c42\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u800c\u975e\u5176
\n\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f5c\u70ba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8a02\u5b9a\u4e4b\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u6a23\u7684\u793e\u6703
\n\u4e2d\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u5c0d\u65bc\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5408\u4e4e\u502b\u7406\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u5e38\u626e\u6f14
\n\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002
\n\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u300c\u8ab0\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\u624d\u5408\u4e4e\u502b
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n22
\n\u7406\u300d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u6703\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u90fd\u6703
\n\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u81ea
\n\u7531\u81ea\u5df1\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u5408\u4e4e\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7
\n\u5230\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u5a92\u9ad4\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5916\u90e8\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u5f71
\n\u97ff\u3002\u800c\u5728\u8f03\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\u5408\u4e4e\u502b\u7406
\n\u6642\uff0c\u5bb6\u4eba\u3001\u5bb6\u65cf\u9577\u8f29\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u6b0a\u5a01\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u9818\u8896\u5247\u901a
\n\u5e38\u626e\u6f14\u6bd4\u500b\u4eba\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002
\n\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u5dee\u7570\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u80fd\u540c\u610f\u67d0
\n\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u502b\u7406\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u5728\u806f\u5408\u570b\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6b0a\u5ba3\u8a00
\n(United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
\n\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5ee3\u7372\u63a5\u53d7\u3001\u7d93\u5b98\u65b9\u80cc\u66f8\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6240\u63ed\u6aeb\u7684
\n\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6b0a\u3002\u5c0d\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7279\u5225\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u751f
\n\u547d\u6b0a\u3001\u514d\u65bc\u6b67\u8996\u3001\u51cc\u8650\u8207\u6b98\u66b4\u3001\u4e0d\u4eba\u9053\u6216\u8cb6\u4f4e\u4eba
\n\u6027\u5c0a\u56b4\u4e4b\u5c0d\u5f85\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3001\u767c\u8868\u610f\u898b\u53ca\u8868\u9054\u7684\u81ea\u7531
\n\u6b0a\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u53d6\u5f97\u5176\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d
\n\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3002
\n\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u8ab0\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4f55\u8b02\u502b\u7406\u300d\u9019\u500b\u554f
\n\u984c\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u5927\u773e\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u76f4\u5230\u8fd1\u4f86\u90fd\u662f
\n\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u6578\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\u5df2\u7d93\u85c9\u7531
\n\u767c\u5c55\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u653f\u7b56\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u70ba\u5176\u6210\u54e1\u64ec\u5b9a\u4e86
\n\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u5f9e\u5168\u7403\u7684\u5c64\u6b21\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5df2
\n\u63d0\u51fa\u8a31\u591a\u502b\u7406\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u754c\u5b9a\u4e86\u7121\u8ad6\u5728\u4f55\u8655\u5c45\u4f4f\u8207\u57f7
\n\u696d\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684
\n\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e5f\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54\u66fe\u8ca0\u8cac\u7814
\n\u64ec\u3001\u57f7\u884c\u9069\u7528\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6a19\u6e96\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u6cd5
\n\u5f8b\u4f4d\u968e\uff0c\u8981\u8996\u8a72\u570b\u91ab\u7642\u6cd5\u898f\u800c\u5b9a\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n23
\n\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u96d6\u4eab\u6709\u80fd\u5920\u81ea\u884c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u502b\u7406\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\uff0c
\n\u7136\u800c\u9019\u9805\u7279\u6b0a\u537b\u4e26\u975e\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a
\n\uf06c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6c38\u9060\u6703\u53d7\u5236\u65bc\u7576\u5730\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u5019\u4e5f
\n\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u9055\u53cd\u9019\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u800c\u53d7\u7f70\u3002
\n\uf06c\u6709\u4e9b\u91ab\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54\u53d7\u5230\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u7fa9\u7684\u5f37\u70c8\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc
\n\u5176\u6210\u54e1\u8ab2\u4ee5\u984d\u5916\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u8d85\u904e\u4e00\u822c\u91ab\u5e2b\u90fd\u61c9\u9075
\n\u5b88\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u3002
\n\uf06c\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ca0\u8cac\u64ec\u5b9a\u91ab\u5e2b\u884c\u70ba\u6a19\u6e96\u53ca\u76e3\u7763
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u9075\u5b88\u60c5\u5f62\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u4e5f\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u975e\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684
\n\u6703\u54e1\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6307\u4ee4\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u8f03\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d
\n\u53ef\u80fd\u6db5\u84cb\u91ab\u5e2b\u57f7\u696d\u6642\u53ef\u80fd\u9762\u81e8\u7684\u6240\u6709\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u5927\u90e8
\n\u4efd\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5fc5\u9808\u81ea\u5df1\u6c7a\u5b9a\u600e\u9ebc\u4f5c\u624d\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c
\n\u4f46\u5728\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u77ad\u89e3\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u985e\u4f3c\u60c5\u5f62
\n\u4e2d\u6703\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\u662f\u6709\u5e6b\u52a9\u7684\u3002\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\u53ca\u653f\u7b56\u5ba3
\n\u8a00\u4fbf\u662f\u53cd\u6620\u5c0d\u65bc\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u6709
\n\u884c\u70ba\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5171\u8b58\uff1b\u800c
\n\u9019\u4e9b\u5b88\u5247\u8207\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u61c9\u7576\u88ab
\n\u9075\u5faa\u7684\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u4e0d\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684
\n\u4eba\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002
\n\u300c\u2026\u5728\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u904e\u7a0b
\n\u4e2d\uff0c\u77ad\u89e3\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728
\n\u985e\u4f3c\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\u6703\u600e\u9ebc\u505a
\n\u662f\u6709\u5e6b\u52a9\u7684\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u2026\u5728\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u904e\u7a0b
\n\u4e2d\uff0c\u77ad\u89e3\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728
\n\u985e\u4f3c\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\u6703\u600e\u9ebc\u505a
\n\u662f\u6709\u5e6b\u52a9\u7684\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n24
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6703\u6539\u8b8a\u55ce\uff1f
\n\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u767c\u751f\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u9019\u9ede\u5e7e\u4e4e
\n\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u61f7\u7591\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u6709\u8457\u6c7a
\n\u5b9a\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u6cbb\u7642\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u8207\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u53d6
\n\u5f97\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u3002\u5c0d\u7167\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u67032005
\n\u5e74\u7248\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\uff08Declaration on the Rights of
\nthe Patient\uff09\u5247\u958b\u5b97\u660e\u7fa9\u5730\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u3001\u75c5\u60a3\u4ee5\u53ca
\n\u66f4\u5ee3\u5927\u793e\u6703\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u9019\u6642\u671f\u6b77\u7d93\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u7684
\n\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u91ab\u5e2b\u6c38\u9060\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u4f9d\u5176\u826f\u77e5\u4f5c\u70ba\uff0c\u6c38\u9060
\n\u90fd\u61c9\u7167\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5229\u76ca\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u537b\u4e5f\u8a72\u76e1\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u52aa
\n\u529b\u4f86\u4fdd\u969c\u75c5\u60a3\u81ea\u4e3b\u8207\u6b63\u7fa9\u3002\u300d\u73fe\u5728\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba
\n\u81ea\u5df1\u624d\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u81ea\u8eab\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u54e1\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684
\n\u89d2\u8272\u662f\u626e\u6f14\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u9867\u554f\u6216\u6307\u5c0e\u8005\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u7a2e\u5f37\u8abf
\n\u81ea\u6211\u7167\u8b77\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u5c1a\u672a\u5168\u9762\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u4f46\u78ba\u5be6\u597d\u50cf\u6f38\u6f38
\n\u6563\u64ad\u958b\u4f86\uff0c\u800c\u6bd4\u8d77\u904e\u53bb\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u666e\u904d\u8f49
\n\u8b8a\u662f\u9817\u5177\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u4e26\u8ce6\u4e88\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u502b\u7406\u7fa9\u52d9\u3002
\n\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u53ea\u8981\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u5c0d
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u8ca0\u8cac(accountable)\uff0c\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u9084\u8981\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8ca0\u8cac\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u53e6\u5916\u9084\u8981\u5c0d
\n\u75c5 \u4eba \u3001 \u5c0d \u91ab \u9662 \u53ca \u7ba1 \u7406 \u5f0f \u7684 \u91ab \u7642 \u7d44 \u7e54 (managed
\nhealthcare organization)\u7b49\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u3001\u5c0d\u6838\u767c\u91ab\u7642\u57f7\u7167
\n\u53ca\u4e3b\u7ba1\u7684\u6a5f\u95dc\u3001\u6709\u6642\u9084\u8981\u5c0d\u6cd5\u9662\u8ca0\u8cac\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u672c\u624b
\n\u518a\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u8a0e\u8ad6\u96d9\u91cd\u5fe0\u8aa0
\n\uff08dual loyalty\uff09\u6642\u6240\u6e05\u695a
\n\u986f\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8cac
\n\u4efb\u9593\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u4e92\u885d\u7a81\u3002
\n\u300c\u2026\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u9593\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u76f8\u4e92\u885d\u7a81\u300d
\n\u300c\u2026\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u9593\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u76f8\u4e92\u885d\u7a81\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n25
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u6709\u6240\u6539\u8b8a\uff1a\u76f4\u5230\u4e0d\u4e45\u524d\uff0c
\n\u8a31\u591a\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\u90fd\u9084\u7981\u6b62\u91ab\u5e2b\u53c3\u8207\u58ae\u80ce\u884c\u70ba\uff0c
\n\u4f46\u73fe\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u4e4b\u58ae\u80ce\uff0c\u5247\u88ab\u8a31\u591a\u570b\u5bb6\u7684
\n\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u6240\u5bb9\u8a31\uff1b\u96d6\u7136\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8a8d\u70ba\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u5c0d\u8c61\u5c31\u662f\u75c5\u60a3\u500b\u4eba\uff0c\u73fe\u4eca\u537b\u666e\u904d\u540c\u610f
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u8003\u616e\u793e\u6703\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5c0d\u7a00\u6709\u7684\u91ab\u7642
\n\u8cc7\u6e90\u9032\u884c\u5206\u914d\u3002\uff08\u53c3\u8003\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff09
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u50b3\u7d71\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6240\u7121\u6cd5\u56de\u7b54
\n\u7684\u65b0\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u6b96\u3001\u907a\u50b3\u5b78\u3001\u885b\u751f\u8cc7\u8a0a
\n\u5b78\u3001\u5ef6\u9577\u751f\u547d\u8207\u5f37\u5316\u6a5f\u80fd\u7b49\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684
\n\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u6709\u6975\u5927\u7684\u6f5b\u80fd\u53ef\u9020\u798f\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u537b\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd
\n\u9020\u6210\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c\u7aef\u770b\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u5354\u52a9\u91ab\u5e2b\u5224\u65b7
\n\u61c9\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u3001\u53c8\u5728\u54ea\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u8a72\u53c3\u8207\u9019\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u91ab
\n\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54\u5fc5\u9808\u904b\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u50c5\u50c5\u4ef0\u8cf4
\n\u65e2\u5b58\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\u3002
\n\u5118\u7ba1\u5728\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4e0a\u6b77\u7d93\u9019\u4e9b\u660e\u986f\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011
\n\u4ecd\u666e\u904d\u540c\u610f\uff1a\u91ab\u5b78\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u50f9\u503c\u8207\u502b\u7406\u539f\u5247\u4e26\u672a\u3001
\n\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u4eba\u514d\u4e0d\u4e86\u90fd\u6703\u751f\u75c5\uff0c
\n\u5c31\u6703\u6301\u7e8c\u9700\u8981\u5bcc\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u3001\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4e14\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u4f86
\n\u7167\u9867\u4ed6\u5011\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6703\u56e0\u570b\u5bb6\u800c\u7570\u55ce\uff1f
\n\u6b63\u5982\u540c\u70ba\u4e86\u56e0\u61c9\u91ab\u5b78\u79d1\u6280\u3001\u793e\u6703\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u91ab
\n\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u3001\u4e5f\u78ba\u5be6\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u9593\u800c\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u96a8\u570b\u5bb6\u800c\u7570\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u5404\u570b
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n26
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\u300d\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5c31\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u5927\u7684\u5dee
\n\u7570\u6027\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u7d44\u7e54\u5ba3\u544a\u7981\u6b62\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u63a1\u4e2d\u7acb\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c
\n\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7d44\u7e54—\u5373\u8377\u862d\u7687\u5bb6\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\uff08Royal Dutch
\nMedical Association\uff09—\u63a5\u53d7\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u7684\u5b89\u6a02
\n\u6b7b\u3002\u540c\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u4e4b\u53d6\u5f97\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u7d44
\n\u7e54\u652f\u6301\u300c\u6240\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u53d6\u5f97\u300d\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5247
\n\u9858\u610f\u5fcd\u53d7\u6975\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u60c5\u5f62\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u67d0\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d
\n\u65b0\u8208\u91ab\u7642\u6280\u8853\u5f15\u767c\u7684\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u76f8\u7576\u95dc\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u65bc
\n\u7121\u6cd5\u53d6\u5f97\u9019\u985e\u6280\u8853\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u9019
\n\u4e9b\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u78ba\u4fe1\u5176\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u6703\u5f37
\n\u8feb\u4ed6\u5011\u505a\u9055\u53cd\u502b\u7406\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u5247\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u5f88\u96e3\u76e1\u5176\u502b\u7406\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u50cf\u5728\u9762\u81e8\u8ecd\u8b66\u8981\u6c42\u901a\u5831
\n\u300c\u53ef\u7591\u300d\u50b7\u52e2\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u96e3\u76e1\u5230\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u4fdd\u5bc6\u7684\u7fa9
\n\u52d9\u3002
\n\u96d6\u7136\u5404\u570b\u9593\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u770b\u4f86\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c
\n\u76f8\u4f3c\u8655\u537b\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c
\n\u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u9f4a\u805a\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u9019\u985e\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u6642\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u90fd
\n\u80fd\u5c0d\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u7684\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u9054\u6210\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u901a\u5e38\u9700
\n\u8981\u7d93\u904e\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u3002\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u50f9\u503c\uff08\u5982\u540c
\n\u7406\u5fc3\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u53ca\u81ea\u4e3b\uff09\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u91ab\u7642\u8207\u5065\u5eb7\u7167
\n\u8b77\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u8207\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5206\u6790\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8b70
\n\u984c\u7684\u5065\u5168\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u4ed6\u5011\u627e\u5230\u5c0d\u500b\u5225\u75c5\u60a3\u3001\u516c\u6c11
\n\u8207\u6574\u9ad4\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u6700\u6709\u5229\u4e4b\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e4b\u9053\u3002
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u89d2\u8272
\n\u505a\u70ba\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u5206\u570b\u7c4d\u3001\u5c08\u79d1\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u91ab\u5e2b\u5168\u9ad4\u7684\u570b\u969b
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n27
\n\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u80a9\u8ca0\u4e86\u4e00\u9805\u89d2\u8272\u2013\u2013\u64ec\u5b9a\u5168\u7403
\n\u9069\u7528\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4e00\u822c\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u81ea\u5b83\u65bc1947\u5e74\u5275\u7acb
\n\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c31\u81f4\u529b\u9632\u6b62\u518d\u767c\u751f\u7d0d\u7cb9\u5fb7\u570b\u7b49\u5730\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u9055\u53cd
\n\u502b\u7406\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u4efb\u52d9\u5c31\u662f\u5c07\u5e0c\u6ce2
\n\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u8a93\u8a5e\uff08The Hippocratic Oath)\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u7b26\u5408
\n\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u57281948\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7b2c\u4e8c
\n\u6b21 \u5927 \u6703 \u4fbf \u901a \u904e \u65e5 \u5167 \u74e6 \u5ba3 \u8a00 \uff08 Declaration of
\nGeneva\uff09\uff1b\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4e26\u7d93\u904e\u591a\u6b21\u4fee\u8a02\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u6b21\u4fee\u8a02
\n\u5247\u57282006\u5e74\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u4efb\u52d9\u662f\u5236\u5b9a\u570b\u969b\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b88
\n\u5247\uff08International Code of Medical Ethics\uff09\uff0c\u65bc1949\u5e74
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u5927\u6703\u901a\u904e\uff0c 1968\u5e74\u30011983\u5e74\u53ca2006\u5e74\u4fee
\n\u8a02\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u5247\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u53d7\u8a66
\n\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u8a02\u5b9a\u502b\u7406\u6e96\u5247\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4efb\u52d9\u82b1\u7684\u6642\u9593\u8981\u6bd4\u524d
\n\u5169\u500b\u4efb\u52d9\u9577\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u52301964\u5e74\u624d\u901a\u904e\uff0c\u5373\u8d6b\u723e
\n\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\uff08Declaration of Helsinki\uff09\u3002\u8a72\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e5f\u5b9a\u671f
\n\u9032\u884c\u4fee\u8a02\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u6b21\u66f4\u65b0\u662f\u57282013\u5e74\u3002
\n\u9664\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u4e5f\u91dd\u5c0d100
\n\u500b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7279\u5b9a\u8b70\u984c\u5236\u5b9a\u653f\u7b56\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u591a\u6578\u662f\u502b\u7406
\n\u6027\u8cea\u7684\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u5247\u8655\u7406\u793e\u6703\u91ab\u7642\u7684\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u8207\u91ab\u7642\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3002\u6bcf
\n\u5e74\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5927\u6703\u90fd\u6703
\n\u4fee\u8a02\u4e00\u4e9b\u73fe\u884c\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\/
\n\u6216\u8005\u5236\u5b9a\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002
\n\u300c\u2026\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u80a9\u8ca0
\n\u4e86\u4e00\u9805\u89d2\u8272\u2014\u64ec\u5b9a\u5168
\n\u7403\u9069\u7528\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4e00
\n\u822c\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u2026\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u80a9\u8ca0
\n\u4e86\u4e00\u9805\u89d2\u8272\u2014\u64ec\u5b9a\u5168
\n\u7403\u9069\u7528\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4e00
\n\u822c\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n28
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5982\u4f55\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u5408\u4e4e\u502b\u7406\uff1f
\n\u8981\u5c0d\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u7684\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u9054\u6210\u570b\u969b\u5171\u8b58\u4e26\u975e\u6613\u4e8b\uff0c
\n\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u50cf\u91ab\u5e2b\u9019\u7a2e\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u76f8\u7576\u9ad8\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e2d\u4e5f\u662f\u5982
\n\u6b64\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u70ba\u4e86\u78ba\u4fdd\u5176\u502b\u7406\u653f\u7b56\u5ba3\u8a00\u80fd\u53cd\u6620
\n\u51fa\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6240\u6709\u65b0\u589e\u6216\u4fee\u8a02\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u5e74
\n\u6703\u4e2d\u7372\u5f9775%\u7684\u540c\u610f\u7968\u3002\u8981\u7372\u81f4\u9019\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5171\u8b58\u5176
\n\u5148\u6c7a\u689d\u4ef6\u662f\uff1a\u5ba3\u8a00\u8349\u6848\u8981\u5ee3\u5fb5\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u6703\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff08\u6709\u6642\u9084\u6709\u91dd\u5c0d\u8b70\u984c\u7279\u6d3e\u7684
\n\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c0f\u7d44\uff09\u6240\u8490\u96c6\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u610f\u898b\u8981\u5be9\u614e\u8003\u616e\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c
\n\u91cd\u64ec\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u4e5f\u6703\u518d\u6b21\u5fb5\u6c42\u610f\u898b\u3002\u9019\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u5f88\u6f2b\u9577\uff0c\u8981\u770b\u8b70\u984c\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u5ea6\u8207\/\u6216\u65b0\u7a4e\u6027\u800c\u5b9a\u3002
\n\u8209\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u5c0d\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u4fee\u8a02\u4fbf\u59cb
\n\u81ea1997\u5e74\uff0c\u4f46\u76f4\u52302000\u5e74\u5341\u6708\u624d\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c
\n\u4ecd\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e9b\u672a\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u8b70
\n\u984c\uff0c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u7531\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u59d4\u54e1
\n\u6703\u53ca\u5f8c\u7e8c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c0f\u7d44\u9032\u884c
\n\u7814\u7a76\u3002
\n\u826f\u597d\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u5c0d\u65bc\u5f97\u5230\u597d\u7d50\u679c\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26
\n\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8b49\u7d50\u679c\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u597d\u7684\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5728\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ec0
\n\u9ebc\u662f\u5408\u4e4e\u502b\u7406\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u904b\u7528\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c
\n\u5c31\u5982\u5b83\u5148\u524d\u502b\u7406\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e2d\u6240\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u4e00\u822c\uff1b\u5b83\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f
\n\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u570b\u5bb6\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u53ca\u502b\u7406\u5c08\u5bb6\u5c0d\u65bc\u6240\u8003
\n\u616e \u8b70 \u984c \u7684 \u898b \u89e3 \u3002 \u5c0d \u65bc \u6709 \u4e9b \u8b70 \u984c \uff08 \u4f8b \u5982 \u77e5 \u60c5 \u540c
\n\u610f\uff09\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u548c\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u6301\u76f8\u540c\u770b\u6cd5\uff1b\u5c0d\u65bc\u53e6
\n\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b70\u984c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u70ba\u500b\u4eba\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4fdd\u5bc6\uff09\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u80fd
\n\u5927\u529b\u9f13\u5439\u91ab\u5e2b\u7ad9\u5728\u8207\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u91ab\u7642\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u53ca\/\u6216
\n\u300c\u8981\u5c0d\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u7684\u502b\u7406
\n\u8b70\u984c\u9054\u6210\u570b\u969b\u5171\u8b58\u4e26
\n\u975e\u6613\u4e8b\u300d
\n\u300c\u8981\u5c0d\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u7684\u502b\u7406
\n\u8b70\u984c\u9054\u6210\u570b\u969b\u5171\u8b58\u4e26
\n\u975e\u6613\u4e8b\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n29
\n\u5546\u696d\u516c\u53f8\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5
\n\u6709\u4e00\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u500b\u5225\u75c5\u60a3\u3001\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u70ba\u512a
\n\u5148\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u5ba3\u8b80\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u5ba3
\n\u8a00\u6642\u627f\u8afe\uff1a\u300c\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u5065\u5eb7
\n\u5c07\u662f\u6211\u7684\u9996\u8981\u9867\u5ff5\u3002\u300d\u8d6b
\n\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u5247\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u96d6\u7136
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684\u70ba\u7522\u751f\u65b0
\n\u77e5\uff0c\u7136\u6b64\u76ee\u6a19\u4e0d\u5f97\u51cc\u99d5\u500b
\n\u5225\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u4e4b\u6b0a\u76ca\u3002\u300d
\n\u500b\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u5408\u4e4e\u502b\u7406\uff1f
\n\u5c0d\u500b\u5225\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u548c\u91ab\u5b78\u751f\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4e0d\u55ae\u55ae\u53ea
\n\u662f\u9075\u5faa\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u800c\u5df2\u3002
\n\u9019\u4e9b\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u5fc5\u9808\u6c7a\u5b9a
\n\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u5426\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u773c\u524d\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u91ab\u7642
\n\u57f7\u696d\u4e0a\u767c\u751f\u7684\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\uff0c
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u505a\u51fa \u6307
\n\u5f15\u3002\u500b\u4eba\u6700\u7d42\u8981\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u6240
\n\u4f5c\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6c7a\u5b9a\u548c\u5176\u5be6\u8e10\u8ca0
\n\u8d77\u8cac\u4efb\u3002
\n\u8655\u7406\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u672c\u624b\u518a\u524d\u9762\u6240\u5217\u8209\u4e4b\u6848\u4f8b\uff09
\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u5927\u81f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u6210\u5169\u7a2e\uff1a
\n\u300c\u975e\u7406\u6027\u300d\uff08non-rational\uff09\u8207\u300c\u7406\u6027\u300d\uff08rational\uff09
\n\u7684\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u9ede\u662f\uff0c\u300c\u975e\u7406\u6027\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u8868\u793a
\n\u4e0d\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u8868\u793a\u5b83\u548c\u6709\u7cfb\u7d71\u3001\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u616e\u5730\u904b
\n\u7528\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u540c\u3002
\n\u300c\u5c0d\u65bc\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b70\u984c\u2026
\n\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u5927\u529b\u9f13\u5439\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u7ad9\u5728\u8207\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u91ab\u7642\u9ad4
\n\u7cfb\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u53ca\/\u6216\u5546\u696d\u516c
\n\u53f8\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u500b\u4eba\u6700\u7d42\u8981\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1
\n\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6c7a\u5b9a\u548c\u5176
\n\u5be6\u8e10\u8ca0\u8d77\u8cac\u4efb\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u500b\u4eba\u6700\u7d42\u8981\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1
\n\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6c7a\u5b9a\u548c\u5176
\n\u5be6\u8e10\u8ca0\u8d77\u8cac\u4efb\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u5c0d\u65bc\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b70\u984c\u2026
\n\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u5927\u529b\u9f13\u5439\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u7ad9\u5728\u8207\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u91ab\u7642\u9ad4
\n\u7cfb\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u53ca \/ \u6216\u5546\u696d
\n\u516c\u53f8\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n30
\n\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f
\n\uf06c\u670d\u5f9e(obedience)\u662f\u9032\u884c\u502b\u7406\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u5e38\u898b\u65b9
\n\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5c0f\u5b69\u548c\u5728\u6b0a\u5a01\u9ad4\u5236\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8ecd\u968a\u3001\u8b66
\n\u5bdf\u3001\u90e8\u5206\u5b97\u6559\u5718\u9ad4\u548c\u8a31\u591a\u4f01\u696d\uff09\u4e2d\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u6700
\n\u5e38\u904b\u7528\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u5c31\u662f\u7121\u8ad6\u5167\u5fc3\u662f\u5426\u540c
\n\u610f\uff0c\u90fd\u9075\u5f9e\u6b0a\u5a01\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u6216\u6307\u5c0e\u3002
\n\uf06c\u4eff\u6548(imitation)\u548c\u670d\u5f9e\u985e\u4f3c\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u6368\u68c4\u81ea\u5df1
\n\u7684\u662f\u975e\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u800c\u670d\u81ba\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5224\u65b7\uff1b\u5728\u4eff\u6548\u7684\u60c5
\n\u5f62\u4e2d\uff0c\u5373\u63a1\u7528\u89d2\u8272\u5178\u7bc4\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u9053\u5fb7\u5c31\u662f\u6548\u6cd5
\n\u89d2\u8272\u5178\u7bc4\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u6216\u8a31\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u4e4b\u5b78\u7fd2
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u8cc7\u6df1\u9867\u554f\u91ab\u5e2b\u70ba\u89d2\u8272\u5178
\n\u7bc4\uff0c\u6fc0\u767c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6548\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u9053\u5fb7\u5b78\u7fd2\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f\u89c0
\n\u5bdf\u5178\u7bc4\uff0c\u4e26\u70ba\u5176\u6240\u5c55\u73fe\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u6240\u540c\u5316\u3002
\n\uf06c\u611f\u89ba(feeling)\u6216\u6b32\u6c42(desire)\u662f\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6c7a\u7b56\u8207
\n\u884c\u70ba\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u6b63\u78ba\u300d\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u89ba\u5f97\u6b63\u78ba\u3001
\n\u6216\u662f\u80fd\u6eff\u8db3\u5176\u6b32\u6c42\u7684\u4e8b\uff1b\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u932f\u8aa4\u300d\u5c31\u662f\u4eba
\n\u5011\u89ba\u5f97\u6709\u932f\u3001\u6216\u8005\u7121\u6cd5\u6eff\u8db3\u5176\u6b32\u6c42\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u9053\u5fb7
\n\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u5728\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u7576\u7136\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6642\u9593
\n\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002
\n\uf06c\u76f4\u89ba(intuition)\u662f\u5c0d\u67d0\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e2d\u6b63\u78ba\u4f5c\u6cd5\u7684\u7acb\u5373
\n\u611f\u53d7\u3002\u5b83\u548c\u6b32\u6c42\u7684\u76f8\u540c\u9ede\u662f\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u5168\u7136\u4e3b\u89c0
\n\u7684\uff1b\u4f46\u4e0d\u540c\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\u76f4\u89ba\u662f\u5fc3\u667a\u3001\u800c\u975e\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u6d3b
\n\u52d5\uff0c\u5c31\u9019\u9ede\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4f9d\u76f4\u89ba\u9032\u884c\u6c7a\u7b56\u8981\u6bd4\u4f9d\u670d
\n\u5f9e\u3001\u4eff\u6548\u3001\u611f\u89ba\u53ca\u6b32\u6c42\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u7406\u6027\u502b\u7406
\n\u6c7a\u7b56\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u76f4\u89ba\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u7cfb\u7d71\u3001\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u616e\u5730
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n31
\n\u9032\u884c\u6c7a\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u900f\u904e\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u9748\u5149\u4e00\u73fe\u4f86\u5f15\u5c0e\u9053
\n\u5fb7\u6c7a\u7b56\u3002\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u611f\u89ba\u548c\u6b32\u6c42\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u6642\u9593\u9ede
\n\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u3002
\n\uf06c\u7fd2\u6163\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u6548\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6c7a\u7b56\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u6c92
\n\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5728\u6bcf\u6b21\u767c\u751f\u8207\u5148\u524d\u8655\u7406\u904e\u3001\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7
\n\u8b70\u984c\u6642\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u91cd\u8907\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c
\n\u7fd2\u6163\u6709\u597d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8aaa\u5be6\u8a71\uff09\u3001\u6709\u58de\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8aaa\u8b0a
\n\u8a71\uff09\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u537b\u53ef\u80fd\u5fc5\u9808\u4f5c
\n\u51fa\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u8a34\u8af8\u7fd2\u6163\u662f\u6709
\n\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u4fe1\u8cf4\u5b83\u3002
\n\u7406\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a
\n\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u505a\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5b78\u79d1\uff0c\u8a8d\u53ef\u4eba\u5011\u5728\u6c7a\u7b56\u53ca
\n\u884c\u70ba\u65b9\u9762\u7d93\u5e38\u904b\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8655\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u7136
\n\u800c\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e3b\u8981\u95dc\u5207\u7684\u662f\u7406\u6027\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u9019\u985e\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709
\n\u56db \u7a2e \uff0c \u5206 \u5225 \u662f \u7fa9 \u52d9 \u8ad6 \uff08 deontology \uff09 \u3001 \u7d50 \u679c \u8ad6
\n\uff08consequentialism\uff09\u3001\u539f\u5247\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08principlism\uff09\u53ca\u5fb7
\n\u884c\u502b\u7406\uff08virtue ethics\uff09\u3002
\n\uf06c\u7fa9\u52d9\u8ad6(deontology)\u5728\u627e\u51fa\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7406\u64da\u3001\u582a\u70ba
\n\u9053\u5fb7\u6c7a\u7b56\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u898f\u5247\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u898f\u5247\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u50cf
\n\u300c\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0d\u5f85\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u898f\u5247\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e5f\u8a31\u4f86
\n\u81ea\u5b97\u6559\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u76f8\u4fe1\u51e1\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u9020\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u5e73
\n\u7b49\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u975e\u95dc\u5b97\u6559\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4eba\u985e\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u57fa
\n\u56e0\u5e7e\u8fd1\u90fd\u76f8\u540c)\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u78ba\u7acb\u4e86\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u61c9
\n\u7528\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u5c0d\u65bc\u898f\u5247\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u78ba
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n32
\n\u5207\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5e38\u7559\u6709\u722d\u8ad6\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u300c\u7981\u6b62
\n\u6bba\u5bb3\u4ed6\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u898f\u5247\u662f\u5426\u6703\u7981\u6b62\u58ae\u80ce\u6216\u6b7b\u5211\uff1f)
\n\uf06c\u7d50\u679c\u8ad6(consequentialism)\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6c7a\u7b56\u662f\u4ee5\u300c\u5206
\n\u6790\u4e0d\u540c\u9078\u64c7\u548c\u884c\u70ba\u6240\u53ef\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u7684\u5f8c\u679c\u3001\u7d50
\n\u679c\u300d\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u5c31\u662f\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u6700\u4f73\u7d50
\n\u679c\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4f55\u8b02\u597d\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd
\n\u6703\u6709\u722d\u8ad6\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u8ad6\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5f62\u5f0f\u2014\u6548\u76ca
\n\u4e3b \u7fa9 \uff08 utilitarianism \uff09 \u2014 \u5c31 \u662f \u4ee5 \u300c \u6548 \u76ca \u300d
\n\uff08utility\uff09\u505a\u70ba\u8861\u91cf\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u5c07\u5176\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u300c\u6700\u591a
\n\u6578\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u300d\u3002\u5728\u91ab\u7642\u6c7a\u7b56\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6
\n\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u8861\u91cf\u6a19\u6e96\u9084\u5305\u62ec\u300c\u6210\u672c\u6548\u76ca\u300d\u53ca
\n\u300c\u751f\u6d3b\u54c1\u8cea\u300d\uff0c\u5982QALYs \uff08\u751f\u6d3b\u54c1\u8cea\u8abf\u6574\u5f8c
\n\u5b58\u6d3b\u5e74\uff09\u6216DALYs\uff08\u5931\u80fd\u8abf\u6574\u5f8c\u751f\u5b58\u5e74\uff09\u4fbf
\n\u63a1\u7528\u6b64\u8861\u91cf\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u8ad6\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u592a
\n\u4f7f\u7528\u539f\u5247\uff1b\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u9069\u7528\u7684\u539f\u5247\u3001\u6392\u5b9a\u5176\u5f7c\u6b64
\n\u512a\u5148\u9806\u5e8f\u3001\u4e26\u52a0\u4ee5\u61c9\u7528\u662f\u751a\u70ba\u56f0\u96e3\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c
\n\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u539f\u5247\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u9867\u53ca\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u6c7a\u7b56
\n\u4e0a\u771f\u6b63\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u7d50\u679c\u300d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c
\n\u68c4\u7f6e\u539f\u5247\u4e5f\u8b93\u7d50\u679c\u8ad6\u53d7\u5230\u6307\u63a7\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u7d50\u679c\u8ad6
\n\u540c\u610f\u300c\u53ea\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u6b63\u7576\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u64c7\u624b\u6bb5\u300d\uff0c\u4f8b
\n\u5982\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u9054\u6210\u67d0\u793e\u6703\u76ee\u6a19\u800c\u72a7\u7272\u500b\u4eba\u4eba\u6b0a\u3002
\n\uf06c\u539f\u5247\u4e3b\u7fa9(Principlism)\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u5b83\u5b57\u9762\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c
\n\u4ee5\u502b\u7406\u539f\u5247\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff1b\u5b83\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u539f
\n\u5247\u61c9\u7528\u5230\u500b\u5225\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u6216\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e2d\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u8003\u616e\u898f
\n\u5247\u548c\u5f8c\u679c\uff0c\u4ee5\u78ba\u5b9a\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u539f\u5247\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728
\n\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u502b\u7406\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u6975\u5177\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u7f8e\u570b
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n33
\n\u66f4 \u751a \u3002 \u7279 \u5225 \u662f \u5c0a \u91cd \u81ea \u4e3b \uff08 respect for
\nautonomy\uff09\u3001\u884c\u5584\uff08beneficence\uff09\u3001\u4e0d\u50b7\u5bb3
\n\uff08non-maleficence\uff09\u53ca\u6b63\u7fa9\uff08justice\uff09\u9019\u56db\u500b
\n\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u91ab\u7642\u57f7\u696d\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u502b\u7406\u6c7a\u5b9a
\n\u6642\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u5247\u3002\u5728\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7406\u6027\u6c7a\u7b56\u6642\uff0c\u539f\u5247
\n\u78ba\u5be6\u626e\u6f14\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6311\u9078\u51fa\u9019\u56db\u500b
\n\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u66f4\u4ee5\u5c0a\u91cd\u81ea\u4e3b\u70ba\u6700\u512a\u5148\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u53cd
\n\u6620\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u537b\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u666e\u4e16\u7684\u3002\u6b64
\n\u5916\uff0c\u9019\u56db\u500b\u539f\u5247\u5728\u5177\u9ad4\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u5e38\u7522\u751f\u885d\u7a81\uff0c
\n\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u627e\u51fa\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u7a2e\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u6216\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002
\n\uf06c\u5fb7\u884c\u502b\u7406(Virtue ethics)\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u8457\u91cd\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u5c64
\n\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u8f03\u6ce8\u91cd\u6c7a\u7b56\u8005\u884c\u70ba\u6240\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u3002
\n\u5fb7\u884c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u9053\u5fb7\u5353\u8d8a\u6027(moral excellence)\uff0c\u8aa0
\n\u5982\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c24\u5176\u9700\u8981\u5177\u5099\u7684\u4e00\u9805\u5fb7\u884c
\n\u5c31\u662f\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\uff1b\u5176\u4ed6\u9084\u5305\u62ec\u8aa0\u5be6\u3001\u8b39\u614e\u53ca\u5177\u5949
\n\u737b\u71b1\u5ff1(dedication)\u3002\u5177\u5099\u9019\u4e9b\u5fb7\u884c\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u6bd4\u8f03
\n\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4f5c\u51fa\u597d\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e14\u7528\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u5be6\u8e10
\n\u5b83\u5011\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6709\u5fb7\u884c\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u78ba
\n\u5b9a\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e2d\u8a72\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\uff0c\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u514d\u65bc\u505a\u51fa
\n\u932f\u8aa4\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002
\n\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56db\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5df2\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u65b9
\n\u6cd5\uff0c\u90fd\u7121\u6cd5\u7372\u5f97\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u8d0a\u540c\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u5404\u7a2e\u7406
\n\u6027\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6c7a\u7b56\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6703\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u504f\u597d\uff1b\u5c0d\u65bc\u5404\u7a2e
\n\u975e\u7406\u6027\u6c7a\u7b56\u65b9\u5f0f\u540c\u6a23\u4e5f\u6703\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u504f\u597d\u3002\u9019\u60c5\u5f62\u7684
\n\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u65bc\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u512a\u9ede\u53ca\u7f3a\u9ede\u3002
\n\u6216\u8a31\u7d50\u5408\u9019\u56db\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee5\u6db5\u84cb\u500b\u5225\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6700\u4f73\u7279
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n34
\n\u5fb5\uff0c\u5c07\u6703\u662f\u7406\u6027\u5730\u9032\u884c\u502b\u7406\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u9019
\n\u6703\u662f\u8a8d\u771f\u5730\u8003\u91cf\u898f\u5247(\u7fa9\u52d9\u8ad6)\u8207\u539f\u5247(\u539f\u5247\u4e3b\u7fa9)\uff0c
\n\u6307\u51fa\u8207\u76ee\u524d\u60c5\u6cc1\u3001\u6848\u4f8b\u6700\u76f8\u95dc\u8005\uff0c\u5617\u8a66\u76e1\u6700\u5927\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u5be6\u73fe\u5b83\u5011\uff1b\u4e5f\u6703\u6aa2\u8996\u5176\u4ed6\u6c7a\u5b9a\u53ef\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u7684\u7d50\u679c
\n(\u7d50\u679c\u8ad6)\uff0c\u78ba\u5b9a\u4f55\u7a2e\u7d50\u679c\u6bd4\u8f03\u597d\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5b83\u9084\u6703\u8a66
\n\u8457\u78ba\u4fdd\u6c7a\u7b56\u8005\u5728\u4f5c\u6210\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8207\u4ed8\u8af8\u5be6\u884c\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u90fd\u662f
\n\u503c\u5f97\u7a31\u8a31\u7684(\u5fb7\u884c\u502b\u7406\uff09\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u5305\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684
\n\u6b65\u9a5f\uff1a
\n1. \u78ba\u5b9a\u773c\u524d\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u3002
\n2. \u5411\u5177\u6709\u6b0a\u5a01\u6027\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u5fb5\u8a62\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u91ab\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54
\n\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u6216\u53d7\u4eba\u656c\u91cd\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u77ad\u89e3
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e00\u822c\u6703\u5982\u4f55\u8655\u7406\u985e\u4f3c\u8b70\u984c\u3002
\n3. \u900f\u904e\u539f\u5247\u601d\u8003\u5176\u4ed6\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8003\u616e\u9019\u4e9b\u65b9\u5f0f\u6240
\n\u7dad\u8b77\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u53ca\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u7d50\u679c\u3002
\n4. \u8ddf\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u4eba\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4f60\u63d0\u8b70\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002
\n5. \u4f5c\u51fa\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e26\u64da\u6b64\u4f86\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u4e26\u6ce8\u610f\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5f71\u97ff\u7684
\n\u4eba\u3002
\n6. \u8a55\u4f30\u4f60\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u672a\u4f86\u4e5f\u9858\u610f\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f5c
\n\u70ba\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n35
\n\u7d50\u8a9e
\n\u672c\u7ae0\u5728\u70ba\u5f80\u5f8c\u5404\u7ae0\u9810\u505a\u6e96\u5099\u3002\u5728\u8655\u7406\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406
\n\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u8b70\u984c\u6642\uff0c\u8a18\u4f4f\u9019\u9ede\u662f\u6709\u5e6b\u52a9\u7684\uff1a\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u5df2\u7d93\u9762\u5c0d\u904e\u8a31\u591a\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u7d2f\u7a4d
\n\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u548c\u667a\u6167\u5c0d\u73fe\u4eca\u4f86\u8aaa\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5f88\u53ef\u8cb4\u7684\u3002\u4e16
\n\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u7642\u7d44\u7e54\u6703\u4fdd\u7559\u8a72\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u70ba\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u63d0\u4f9b\u8a31\u591a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6307\u5f15\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u4e4b\u9593\u5c0d\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u5df2\u5f62\u6210\u8a31\u591a\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u5982\u4f55\u8655
\n\u7406\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u537b\u53ef\u80fd\u3001\u4e5f\u78ba\u5be6\u6709\u4e0d
\n\u540c\u7684\u610f\u898b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u75c5\u60a3\u53ca
\n\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u4eba\u54e1\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u505a\u70ba\u89e3\u6c7a\u502b\u7406\u885d\u7a81\u7684
\n\u9996\u8981\u6b65\u9a5f\uff0c\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u4f86\u8aaa\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0d\u540c\u7684
\n\u502b\u7406\u6c7a\u7b56\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9084\u6709\u4e92\u52d5\u5c0d\u8c61
\n\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6700\u597d\u7684
\n\u884c\u70ba\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u5225\u4eba\u89e3\u91cb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6c7a
\n\u5b9a\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\u7684
\n\u4e3b
\n\u8981
\n\u7279
\n\u5fb5
\n36
\nCompassionate doctor
\n\u00a9 Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc.\/CORBIS
\n\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0 \u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n37
\n\u76ee\u6a19
\n\u95b1\u8b80\u904e\u9019\u7ae0\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4f60\u61c9\u8a72\u80fd\u5920\uff1a
\n\u25cf \u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4f55\u6240\u6709\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u53d7\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\u53ca\u5e73\u7b49
\n\u5c0d\u5f85\uff1b
\n\u25cf \u8fa8\u8b58\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f (informed consent) \u4e4b\u57fa\u672c
\n\u56e0\u7d20\uff1b
\n\u25cf \u89e3\u91cb\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u66ff\u7121\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u505a\u91ab\u7642\u6c7a
\n\u5b9a\uff1b
\n\u25cf \u8aaa\u660e\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u4fdd\u5bc6\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4e26\u77ad\u89e3\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b
\n\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u4fdd\u5bc6\u539f\u5247\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u4f8b\u5916\uff1b
\n\u25cf \u77ad\u89e3\u95dc\u65bc\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u59cb\u8207\u7d42\u7d50\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\uff1b
\n\u25cf
\n\u76ee\u6a19
\n\u95b1\u8b80\u904e\u9019\u7ae0\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4f60\u61c9\u8a72\u80fd\u5920\uff1a
\n\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4f55\u6240\u6709\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u53d7\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\u53ca\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0d
\n\u5f85\uff1b
\n\u8fa8\u8b58\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f(informed consent)\u4e4b\u57fa\u672c\u56e0
\n\u7d20\uff1b
\n\u89e3\u91cb\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u66ff\u7121\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u505a\u91ab\u7642\u6c7a
\n\u5b9a\uff1b
\n\u8aaa\u660e\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u4fdd\u5bc6\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4e26\u77ad\u89e3\u6709\u54ea
\n\u4e9b\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u4fdd\u5bc6\u539f\u5247\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u4f8b\u5916\uff1b
\n\u77ad\u89e3\u95dc\u65bc\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u59cb\u8207\u7d42\u7d50\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u502b\u7406\u8b70
\n\u984c\uff1b
\n\u6982\u8ff0\u8d0a\u6210\u8207\u53cd\u5c0d\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\/\u5354\u52a9\u81ea\u6bba\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c
\n\u4ee5\u53ca\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u8207\u5b89\u5be7\u7de9\u548c\u7167\u8b77\uff08palliative
\ncare\uff09\u6216\u653e\u68c4\u91ab\u7642\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u5225\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n38
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u4e00\uff09
\nP\u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u91ab\u8853\u8207\u7d93\u9a57\u517c\u5099\u7684\u5916\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728
\n\u4e00\u5bb6\u4e2d\u578b\u793e\u5340\u91ab\u9662\u503c\u5b8c\u665a\u73ed\u5f8c\u6b63\u6e96\u5099\u96e2\u53bb\u3002\u9019
\n\u6642\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5e74\u8f15\u5973\u5b50\u88ab\u5979\u7684\u6bcd\u89aa\u9001\u9032\u91ab\u9662\u3002\u5979\u7684
\n\u6bcd\u89aa\u544a\u77e5\u503c\u73ed\u8b77\u58eb\u5979\u5fc5\u9808\u56de\u5bb6\u7167\u9867\u5176\u4ed6\u5b69\u5b50\u4e4b
\n\u5f8c\uff0c\u4fbf\u7acb\u5373\u96e2\u53bb\u3002\u9019\u540d\u60a3\u8005\u4e0b\u9ad4\u6d41\u8840\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5fcd
\n\u53d7\u8457\u5287\u75db\u3002P\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u4f5c\u904e\u6aa2\u67e5\u5f8c\uff0c\u7814\u5224\u9019\u540d\u5973\u5b50
\n\u82e5\u4e0d\u662f\u6d41\u7522\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u884c\u9032\u884c\u58ae\u80ce\u3002P\u91ab\u5e2b\u5e6b\u9019\u540d
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u9032\u884c\u5b50\u5bae\u64f4\u5f35\u53ca\u522e\u9664\u8853\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u8b77\u58eb\u8a62
\n\u554f\u75c5\u60a3\u662f\u5426\u652f\u4ed8\u5f97\u8d77\u5230\u5979\u812b\u96e2\u96aa\u5883\u70ba\u6b62\u7684\u4f4f\u9662
\n\u8cbb\u7528\u3002\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0cP\u91ab\u5e2b\u8fd4\u5bb6\u96e2\u53bb\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u8ddf\u75c5\u60a3\u8aaa\u4e0a
\n\u4e00\u53e5\u8a71\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u5247\u7531Q\u91ab\u5e2b\u63a5\u624b\u3002
\n\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u6709\u4f55\u7279\u5225\uff1f
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u75c5\u60a3\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u662f\u91ab\u7642\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64
\n\u4e5f\u662f\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002\u5982\u524d\u7ae0\u6240\u8ff0\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u5ba3\u8a00\u8981
\n\u6c42 \u91ab \u5e2b \u5ba3 \u8a93 \uff1a \u300c \u75c5 \u60a3 \u7684 \u5065 \u5eb7 \u5c07 \u662f \u6211 \u7684 \u9996 \u8981 \u9867
\n\u5ff5\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u570b\u969b\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247(International Code of
\nMedical Ethics)\u4e5f\u8072\u660e\uff1a\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u5168\u7136\u5fe0
\n\u8aa0 \uff0c \u4e26 \u63d0 \u4f9b \u6240 \u6709 \u5177 \u79d1 \u5b78 \u6839 \u64da \u4e4b \u53ef \u5f97 \u91ab \u7642 \u8cc7
\n\u6e90\u3002\u300d\u3002\u5982\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\uff0c\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u5c0d\u65bc\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc
\n\u4fc2\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u662f\u7236\u6b0a\u7684(paternalistic) \u2500 \u91ab\u5e2b\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u5247\u8a00\u807d\u8a08\u5f9e \u2500 \u9019\u7a2e\u95dc\u4fc2\u5728\u502b\u7406\u53ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\uff0c
\n\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u7686\u5df2\u666e\u904d\u5730\u53d7\u5230\u6452\u68c4\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8a31\u591a\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u3001\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u4f5c\u6c7a
\n\u5b9a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u554f\u984c\u4ecd\u7136\u5e38\u5e38\u7522\u751f\u722d\u8b70\u3002
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u4e00\uff09
\nP \u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u91ab\u8853\u8207\u7d93\u9a57\u517c\u5099\u7684\u5916\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u4ed6
\n\u5728\u4e00\u5bb6\u4e2d\u578b\u793e\u5340\u91ab\u9662\u503c\u5b8c\u665a\u73ed\u5f8c\u6b63\u6e96\u5099\u96e2\u53bb\u3002
\n\u9019\u6642\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5e74\u8f15\u5973\u5b50\u88ab\u5979\u7684\u6bcd\u89aa\u9001\u9032\u91ab\u9662\u3002\u5979
\n\u7684\u6bcd\u89aa\u544a\u77e5\u503c\u73ed\u8b77\u58eb\u5979\u5fc5\u9808\u56de\u5bb6\u7167\u9867\u5176\u4ed6\u5b69\u5b50
\n\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4fbf\u7acb\u5373\u96e2\u53bb\u3002\u9019\u540d\u60a3\u8005\u4e0b\u9ad4\u6d41\u8840\uff0c\u800c\u4e14
\n\u5fcd\u53d7\u8457\u5287\u75db\u3002P \u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u4f5c\u904e\u6aa2\u67e5\u5f8c\uff0c\u7814\u5224\u9019\u540d
\n\u5973\u5b50\u82e5\u4e0d\u662f\u6d41\u7522\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u884c\u9032\u884c\u58ae\u80ce\u3002P \u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u5e6b\u9019\u540d\u75c5\u60a3\u9032\u884c\u5b50\u5bae\u64f4\u5f35\u53ca\u522e\u9664\u8853\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u8981\u6c42
\n\u8b77\u58eb\u8a62\u554f\u75c5\u60a3\u662f\u5426\u652f\u4ed8\u5f97\u8d77\u5230\u5979\u812b\u96e2\u96aa\u5883\u70ba\u6b62
\n\u7684\u4f4f\u9662\u8cbb\u7528\u3002\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0cP \u91ab\u5e2b\u8fd4\u5bb6\u96e2\u53bb\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u8ddf
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u8aaa\u4e0a\u4e00\u53e5\u8a71\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u5247\u7531 Q \u91ab\u5e2b\u63a5\u624b\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n39
\n\u5728\u75c5\u60a3\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u9762\u5411\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23
\n\u68d8\u624b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5728\u75c5\u6b77\u96fb\u8166\u5316\u53ca\u7ba1\u7406\u5f0f\u7167\u8b77(managed
\ncare)\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u5c65\u884c\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u5b88\u5bc6\u7684\u7fa9
\n\u52d9\uff1f\u5728\u75c5\u60a3\u6216\u5bb6\u5c6c\u8981\u6c42\u52a0\u901f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e4b\u6642\uff0c\u53c8\u8981\u5982\u4f55
\n\u8ca0\u8d77\u7dad\u8b77\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u8cac\uff1f
\n\u672c\u7ae0\u7bc0\u5c07\u8655\u7406\u5728\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u50b7
\n\u900f\u8166\u7b4b\u7684\u516d\u5927\u4e3b\u984c\uff1a\u5c0a\u91cd\u8207\u5e73\u7b49\u76f8\u5f85\u3001\u6e9d\u901a\u8207\u540c
\n\u610f\u3001\u70ba\u7121\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3001\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u4fdd\u5bc6\u3001\u751f
\n\u547d \u8d77 \u59cb \u8b70 \u984c \u4ee5 \u53ca \u81e8 \u7d42 \u8b70
\n\u984c\u3002
\n\u5c0a\u91cd\u8207\u5e73\u7b49\u76f8\u5f85
\n\u5805\u4fe1\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u61c9\u53d7\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\u8207\u5e73\u7b49\u76f8\u5f85\uff0c\u662f\u76f8\u7576\u665a
\n\u8fd1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u904e\u53bb\u5728\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u53ca\u5718
\n\u9ad4\u7684\u4e0d\u5c0a\u91cd\u8207\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5e38\u614b\uff0c\u5974\u96b8\u5236\u5ea6
\n\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u76f4\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u624d\u5f9e\u6b50\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u5730
\n\u548c\u7f8e\u570b\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u4f46\u73fe\u5728\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5730
\n\u5340\u3002\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u5357\u975e\u624d\u7d42\u6b62\u5c0d\u975e\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6027
\n\u6b67\u8996\u3002\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u4e0d\u88ab\u5c0a\u91cd\u8207\u6216\u662f
\n\u906d\u53d7\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0d\u5f85\u3002\u57fa\u65bc\u5e74\u9f61\u3001\u6b98\u969c\u6216\u6027\u5225\u50be\u5411\u7684
\n\u6b67\u8996\u4ecd\u76f8\u7576\u666e\u904d\u3002\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u5730\uff0c\u300c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u61c9\u53d7\u5e73\u7b49
\n\u5c0d\u5f85\u300d\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u9084\u9762\u81e8\u8457\u76f8\u7576\u5927\u7684\u963b\u529b\u3002
\n\u5f9e\u5341\u4e03\u3001\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u300c\u4eba\u985e\u5e73\u7b49\u300d\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c
\n\u624d\u9010\u6f38\u5f9e\u6b50\u6d32\u548c\u5317\u7f8e\u840c\u82bd\u3002\u5b83\u8d77\u59cb\u65bc\u5169\u5927\u76f8\u53cd\u7684
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u5c07\u662f\u6211\u7684
\n\u9996\u8981\u9867\u5ff5
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u5c07\u662f\u6211\u7684
\n\u9996\u8981\u9867\u5ff5
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n40
\n\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff1a\u5c0d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5d84\u65b0\u95e1\u91cb\u548c\u53cd\u57fa\u7763\u6559
\n\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u524d\u8005\u6fc0\u52f5\u4e86\u7f8e\u570b\u9769\u547d\u548c\u4eba\u6b0a\u6cd5\u6848\uff1b
\n\u800c\u5f8c\u8005\u6fc0\u52f5\u4e86\u6cd5\u570b\u9769\u547d\u548c\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u9019
\n\u5169\u80a1\u5f71\u97ff\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u9010\u6f38\u751f\u6839\u4e26\u958b\u59cb\u50b3\u904d\u5168
\n\u7403\uff0c\u5b83\u5805\u4fe1\u6240\u6709\u7537\u6027\uff08\u5f8c\u4f86\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u5973\u6027\uff09\u90fd\u64c1\u6709
\n\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u5c0d\u8ab0\u4f86\u6cbb\u7406\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u6709\u767c\u8a00\u7684
\n\u6b0a\u5229\u3002
\n\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u6642\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u4eba\u985e\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4ee5\u4eba\u6b0a\u4e4b\u540d
\n\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u8a73\u76e1\u7684\u95e1\u8ff0\u3002\u806f\u5408\u570b\u6210\u7acb\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u9805
\n\u9996\u8981\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u5c31\u662f\u8a02\u5b9a\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6b0a\u5ba3\u8a00\uff081948\u5e74\uff09\u3002
\n\u5176\u7b2c\u4e00\u689d\u5ba3\u7a31\uff1a\u300c\u4eba\u4eba\u5728\u5c0a\u56b4\u548c\u6b0a\u5229\u4e0a\u751f\u800c\u81ea\u7531
\n\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u300d\u8a31\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u570b\u969b\u53ca\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e5f\u8a02\u5b9a\u4e86\u6b0a
\n\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u5168\u4eba\u985e\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u8a72
\n\u570b \u570b \u6c11 \u6216 \u67d0 \u4e9b \u7279 \u5b9a \u5718 \u9ad4 \u7684 \u6b0a \u5229 \uff08 \u5982 \u300c \u5152 \u7ae5 \u6b0a
\n\u5229\u300d\u3001\u300c\u75c5\u60a3\u6b0a\u5229\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u6b0a\u5229\u300d\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u3002
\n\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u6b0a\u7d44\u7e54\u5982\u96e8\u5f8c\u6625\u7b4d\u822c\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4f86\u63a8\u5ee3\u9019\u4e9b\u5ba3
\n\u8a00\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u884c\u52d5\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u570b\u5bb6\u4eba\u6b0a
\n\u4f9d\u7136\u4e26\u672a\u53d7\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002
\n\u91ab\u754c\u8fd1\u4f86\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u5e73\u7b49\u53ca\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u610f\u898b\u7a0d\u6709\u885d\u7a81\u3002\u5728
\n\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\u4e0d\u300c\u5bb9\u8a31\u56e0\u5e74\u9f61\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u6216
\n\u6b98\u969c\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u65cf\u88d4\u3001\u6027\u5225\u3001\u570b\u7c4d\u3001\u653f\u9ee8\u3001\u4eba\u7a2e\u3001
\n\u6027\u5225\u50be\u5411\u3001\u793e\u6703\u5730\u4f4d\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u4f86\u5f71\u97ff
\n\u6211\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u300d\uff08\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u5ba3\u8a00\uff09\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u5011\u4e5f\u5ba3\u7a31\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6025\u8a3a\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u62d2\u7d55\u63a5\u53d7
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u62d2\u6536\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u7406\u7531\u5305\u62ec\u5de5\u4f5c\u6392\u6eff\u3001\u6559\u80b2
\n\u548c\u5c08\u696d\u8cc7\u683c\u4e0d\u7b26\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u4e0d\u5fc5\u70ba\u62d2\u6536
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n41
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u63d0\u4f9b\u6b63\u7576\u7406\u7531\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5c0d\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u7522\u751f\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u537b\u4e0d\u5fc5\u53bb\u8ca0\u8cac\u3002\u6216\u8a31\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u826f
\n\u77e5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6216\u98a8\u7d00\u7576\u5c40\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u9632\u6b62\u4eba
\n\u6b0a\u53d7\u5230\u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u9014\u5f91\u3002
\n\u5373\u4f7f\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u5728\u9078\u64c7\u75c5\u60a3\u6642\u6c92\u6709\u9055\u80cc\u5c0a\u91cd\u8207\u5e73\u7b49\u7684
\n\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u5c0d\u5f85\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u53ca\u6cbb\u7642\u4e0a\u4f9d\u7136\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u6703\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u7ae0\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u500b\u6848\u4fbf\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u6b64
\n\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5c31\u5982\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u6240\u63d0\u904e\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u7406\u5fc3(compassion)
\n\u662f\u91ab\u5b78\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u826f\u597d\u6cbb\u7642\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u57fa
\n\u672c\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u7acb\u57fa\u65bc\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u5c0a\u56b4\u548c\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u5c0a
\n\u91cd\uff0c\u4e26\u80fd\u8b93\u91ab\u5e2b\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4e86\u89e3\u3001\u56de\u61c9\u75c5\u60a3\u5728\u60a3\u75c5\u53ca\/
\n\u6216\u7121\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u6642\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u3002\u5982\u679c\u75c5\u60a3\u5011\u611f\u89ba\u5f97\u5230\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u7684\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c07\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u4fe1\u4efb\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u6700
\n\u4f73\u798f\u7949\u70ba\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u4fe1\u4efb\u6703\u4fc3\u4f7f\u91ab\u7642\u904e\u7a0b\u66f4\u9806
\n\u5229\u3002
\n\u5c0a\u91cd\u75c5\u60a3\u8868\u793a\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u6cbb\u7642\u7576\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c07\u75c5\u60a3\u7f6e\u65bc
\n\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u4e4b\u640d\u5bb3\u98a8\u96aa\u7576\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u75c5\u4eba\u5b89\u5168\u5df2
\n\u6210\u70ba\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u8207\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e4b\u91cd\u5927\u95dc\u5207\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u7814\u7a76
\n\u4ea6 \u986f \u793a \uff0c \u7531 \u65bc \u4e0d \u7576 \u7684 \u611f \u67d3 \u7ba1 \u5236 \uff08 \u5305 \u62ec \u624b \u90e8 \u885b
\n\u751f\uff09\uff0c\u8a18\u9304\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3001\u85e5\u54c1\u6a19\u793a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b89\u5168\u7528\u85e5\u3001
\n\u6ce8\u5c04\u8207\u624b\u8853\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u4e0d\u7576\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u8a31\u591a\u75c5\u60a3\u56e0\u800c\u906d\u53d7
\n\u640d\u5bb3\u751a\u81f3\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u75c5\u4eba\u5b89\u5168\u5ba3\u8a00\u547c\u7c72\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u505a\u51fa\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u300c\u8de8\u8d8a\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u8207\u6240
\n\u6709\u76f8\u95dc\u4eba\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u75c5\u60a3\u672c\u8eab\u5171\u540c\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u63a1\u53d6\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027
\n\u7684\u4e3b\u52d5\u9014\u5f91\u4f86\u78ba\u4fdd\u75c5\u4eba\u5b89\u5168\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n42
\n\u300c\u4fe1\u4efb\u300d\u5c0d\u65bc\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u6975\u5176\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u4fe1
\n\u4efb\u300d\u4ee3\u8868\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u653e\u68c4\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u7167\u9867\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u3002\u4e16
\n\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u570b\u969b\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\u660e\u78ba\u6307\u51fa\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2
\n\u7d42\u6b62\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u7576\u75c5\u60a3\u9700\u8981\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c
\n\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e4b\u6642\uff1a\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u5168\u7136\u5fe0\u8aa0\uff0c\u4e26
\n\u63d0\u4f9b\u6240\u6709\u5177\u79d1\u5b78\u6839\u64da\u4e4b\u53ef\u5f97\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u82e5\u6aa2\u9a57\u6216
\n\u6cbb\u7642\u8d85\u51fa\u8a72\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u61c9\u7167\u6703\u6216\u5c07\u75c5\u60a3\u8f49\u4ecb
\n\u7d66\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4f4d\u6709\u6240\u9700\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u3002\u300d\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u60f3
\n\u8981\u4e2d\u6b62\u8207\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e5f\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4f8b
\n\u5982\uff1a\u91ab\u5e2b\u9077\u79fb\u6216\u505c\u696d\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u62d2\u7d55\u6216\u7121\u529b\u652f\u4ed8\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u7684\u670d\u52d9\u8cbb\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u8207\u91ab\u5e2b\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e0d\u559c\u6b61\u5c0d\u65b9\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u62d2
\n\u7d55\u9075\u5f9e\u91ab\u56d1\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5176\u539f\u56e0\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u5408\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd
\n\u4e26\u4e0d\u5408\u4e4e\u502b\u7406\u3002\u5728\u8003\u616e\u7d42\u6b62\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u6642\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9
\n\u53c3\u95b1\u76f8\u95dc\u502b\u7406\u898f\u7bc4\u53ca\u6e96\u5247\uff0c\u4e26\u5be9\u614e\u6aa2\u8996\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52d5
\n\u6a5f\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u61c9\u505a\u597d\u6e96\u5099\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5411\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u75c5\u60a3\u8aaa\u660e\u6b64
\n\u4e00\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9069\u7576\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u5411\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005
\n\u8aaa\u660e\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u52d5\u6a5f\u6b63\u7576\uff0c\u8a72\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u5354\u52a9\u75c5\u60a3\u5c0b\u627e\u53e6
\n\u4e00\u4f4d\u9069\u7576\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u9019\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u5247\u61c9\u5145
\n\u5206\u544a\u77e5\u75c5\u60a3\u70ba\u4f55\u505c\u6b62\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u75c5\u60a3\u53ef\u627e\u5230\u4ee3\u66ff
\n\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u9867\u3002\u4f46\u82e5\u52d5\u6a5f\u4e0d\u6b63\u7576\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7a2e\u65cf\u504f
\n\u898b\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u4fbf\u61c9\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\u4f86\u514b\u670d\u6b64\u4e00\u7f3a\u9677\u3002
\n\u8a31\u591a\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u516c\u7acb\u6a5f\u69cb\u670d\u52d9\u8005\uff0c\u7d93\u5e38\u5c0d
\n\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u6beb\u7121\u9078\u64c7\u9918\u5730\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u51f6\u66b4\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u6703\u5c0d
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u69cb\u6210\u5a01\u8105\u3002\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u75c5\u60a3\u6709\u53cd\u793e\u6703\u7684
\n\u614b\u5ea6\u548c\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4ee5\u300c\u4ee4\u4eba\u8a0e\u53ad\u300d\u4f86\u5f62\u5bb9\u3002\u5c0d\u5f85
\n\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u5426\u8981\u653e\u68c4\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u61c9\u6709\u7684
\n\u5c0a\u91cd\u800c\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5c0d\u5f85\uff1f\u9084\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u505a\u6700\u5927\u751a\u81f3\u6700\u82f1
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n43
\n\u52c7\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u8207\u4ed6\u5011\u5efa\u7acb\u53ca\u7dad\u6301\u91ab\u7642\u95dc\u4fc2\u5462\uff1f\u91dd\u5c0d
\n\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u81ea\u8eab\u53ca\u54e1\u5de5\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u798f
\n\u7949\u8207\u7167\u9867\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u4e4b\u9593\u53d6\u5f97\u4e00\u500b\u5e73\u8861\u9ede\u3002\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u61c9\u8a2d\u6cd5\u5be6\u8e10\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u7fa9\u52d9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9019\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9054\u6210\u7684
\n\u8a71\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u61c9\u66ff\u75c5\u60a3\u505a\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u91ab\u8b77\u5b89\u6392\u3002
\n\u5c0a\u91cd\u8207\u5e73\u7b49\u76f8\u5f85\u6240\u6709\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u53d7\u5230
\n\u53e6\u4e00\u9805\u6311\u6230\uff1a\u7167\u9867\u50b3\u67d3\u75c5\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u7d93
\n\u5e38 \u662f \u4eba \u9ad4 \u514d \u75ab \u4e0d \u5168 \u75c5 \u6bd2 \u611f \u67d3 \/ \u611b \u6ecb \u75c5
\n\uff08HIV\/AIDS\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u6703\u5a01\u8105\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u70ba
\n\u5b83 \u6642 \u5e38 \u906d \u53d7 \u793e \u6703 \u504f \u898b \u3002 \u7136 \u800c \uff0c \u9084 \u6709 \u8a31 \u591a \u6bd4
\nHIV\/AIDS\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u50b3\u7d66\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u4eba\u54e1\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u50b3\u67d3
\n\u75c5\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u70ba\u6709\u9019\u985e\u72c0\u6cc1\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u505a\u4fb5\u5165
\n\u6027\u6b65\u9a5f\uff08invasive procedures\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0e\u81f4\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u4e5f\u906d\u53d7\u50b3\u67d3\u3002\u7136\u800c\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\u4e2d\u6709\u95dc\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u5e73
\n\u7b49\u5c0d\u5f85\u6240\u6709\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u56e0\u75c5\u60a3\u6240\u60a3\u7684\u662f\u50b3
\n\u67d3\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u800c\u6709\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u611b\u6ecb\u75c5\u8207\u91ab\u7642
\n\u5c08\u696d\u8072\u660e\uff08Statement on the Professional Responsibility
\nof Physicians in Treating AIDS Patients Statement on
\nHIV\/AIDS and the Medical Profession\uff09\u4e2d\u5982\u6b64\u5beb\u9053\uff1a
\n\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u57f7\u884c\u91ab\u7642\u696d\u52d9\u6642\u5c0d\u611b\u6ecb\u75c5\u60a3\u4e4b\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u6b67
\n\u8996\u5fc5\u9808\u5fb9\u5e95\u6d88\u9664\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7f79\u60a3\u611b\u6ecb\u75c5\u8005\u7686\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u5f97
\n\u5230\u9069\u7576\u7684\u9810\u9632\u3001\u652f\u6301\u8207\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u670d
\n\u52d9\u7684\u63d0\u4f9b\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u6148\u60b2\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u4eba\u6027\u5c0a\u56b4\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u5728\u9053\u7fa9\u4e0a\u4e0d\u61c9\u53ea\u56e0\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u8840\u6e05\u5448\u967d\u6027\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u4fbf
\n\u5728\u5176\u53ef\u52dd\u4efb\u4e4b\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u62d2\u7d55\u63d0\u4f9b\u6cbb\u7642\u3002\u7121\u529b\u63d0\u4f9b\u611b
\n\u6ecb\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u6240\u9700\u7167\u8b77\u53ca\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u61c9\u5408\u5b9c\u5730\u5c07\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u8f49\u7d66\u5176\u5b83\u80fd\u5920\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u6216\u91ab\u7642\u9662\u6240\u3002\u76f4
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n44
\n\u5230\u8f49\u8a3a\u5b8c\u6210\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u52d9\u5fc5\u76e1\u6700\u5927\u52aa\u529b\u53bb\u7167\u9867\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u89aa\u5bc6\u672c\u8cea\u53ef\u9020\u6210\u6027\u5438\u5f15\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u91ab\u5b78\u502b
\n\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u898f\u7bc4\u662f\u52d9\u5fc5\u6297\u62d2\u6b64\u985e\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u3002\u5e0c\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9
\n\u5e95\u8a93\u8a5e\u5305\u62ec\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff1a\u300c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u6211\u62dc\u8a2a\u90a3\u4e00\u9593\u5bd3
\n\u6240\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4e00\u5207\u523b\u610f\u7684
\n\u4e0d\u6b63\u7fa9\u3001\u8f15\u4f7b\u4e4b\u8209\uff0c\u8207\u7537\u6027\u6216\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6027\u95dc\u4fc2\u5c24\u5176
\n\u5982\u6b64\u2026\u300d\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54\u91cd\u7533\u7981\u6b62\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u8207\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u767c\u751f\u6027\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u5176\u7406\u7531\u5728\u4eca\u65e5\u548c
\n2500\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u5e0c\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u6642\u4ee3\u4e00\u6a23\u6709\u6548\uff1a\u75c5\u60a3\u662f\u8106
\n\u5f31\u7684\uff0c\u4e14\u4ed6\u5011\u4fe1\u4efb\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u6cbb\u597d\u4ed6\u5011\u3002\u75c5\u60a3\u53ef\u80fd\u611f
\n\u5230\u7121\u6cd5\u6297\u62d2\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u6027\u8ffd\u6c42\uff08sexual advances\uff09\uff0c\u56e0
\n\u70ba\u5bb3\u6015\u9019\u6703\u5371\u5bb3\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u65bc
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u6d89\u5165\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u5c0d\u5176\u81e8\u5e8a\u5224\u65b7\u7522\u751f\u4e0d\u826f\u7684
\n\u5f71\u97ff\u3002
\n\u6700\u5f8c\u9019\u500b\u7406\u7531\u4e5f\u9069\u7528\u5728\u91ab\u5e2b\u6cbb\u7642\u5176\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u6642
\n\u5019\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u898f\u7bc4\u90fd\u4e0d\u9f13\u52f5\u91ab\u5e2b\u6cbb\u7642\u5176\u5bb6
\n\u4eba\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u5404\u502b\u7406\u898f\u7bc4\u4e2d\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u8072\u660e\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c
\n\u6b64\u4e00\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u6703\u4f9d\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u6709\u6240\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u4f8b
\n\u5982\uff1a\u5728\u504f\u9060\u5730\u5340\u55ae\u7368\u57f7\u696d\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u53ef\u6cbb\u7642\u5176\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210
\n\u54e1\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u7dca\u6025\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002
\n\u6e9d\u901a\u8207\u540c\u610f
\n\u4eca\u65e5\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f(informed
\nconsent)\u3002\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ca\u502b\u7406\u8072\u660e\u90fd\u5c0a\u5d07\u75c5\u60a3\u5c0d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n45
\n\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u6709\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6b0a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703
\n\u5728\u5176\u75c5\u60a3\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\uff08Declaration on the Rights of the
\nPatient\uff09\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u75c5\u60a3\u6709\u81ea\u6c7a\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u6b0a
\n\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u4f5c\u51fa\u8207\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u544a\u77e5\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u5176\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e4b\u5f8c\u679c\u3002\u5fc3\u667a\u4e0a\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6210\u5e74\u75c5\u60a3\u6709
\n\u6b0a\u5229\u540c\u610f\u6216\u62d2\u7d55\u4efb\u4f55\u8a3a\u65b7\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u6216\u7642\u6cd5\u3002\u75c5\u60a3\u6709
\n\u6b0a\u53d6\u5f97\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6642\u6240\u9700\u4e4b\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3002\u75c5\u60a3\u61c9\u660e\u77ad\u4efb\u4f55\u8a66
\n\u9a57\u6216\u6cbb\u7642\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u6aa2\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u62d2\u7d55\u540c
\n\u610f\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u300d
\n\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u5fc5\u8981\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u75c5\u60a3\u4e4b\u9593
\n\u6e9d\u901a\u826f\u597d\u3002\u5728\u91ab\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u7236\u6b0a\u5f0f\u4f5c\u6cd5\u5c6c\u65bc\u5e38\u614b\u6642\uff0c
\n\u6e9d\u901a\u76f8\u5c0d\u55ae\u7d14\uff1a\u53ea\u8981\u75c5\u60a3\u9075\u5f9e\u91ab\u56d1\u5c31\u884c\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u73fe
\n\u5728\u6211\u5011\u6703\u8981\u6c42\u91ab\u5e2b\u505a\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6e9d\u901a\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u63d0
\n\u4f9b\u75c5\u60a3\u6240\u6709\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6642\u75c5\u60a3\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3002\u9019\u5305\u62ec\u4ee5
\n\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u8a71\u4f86\u89e3\u8aaa\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u8a3a\u65b7\u3001\u9810\u5f8c\u548c\u7642\u6cd5\uff0c
\n\u4ee5\u78ba\u4fdd\u75c5\u60a3\u4e86\u89e3\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6bcf\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7
\n\u7684\u5229\u8207\u5f0a\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u5fc5\u9808\u56de\u7b54\u4efb\u4f55\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u7684\u554f
\n\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u4e86\u89e3\u75c5\u60a3\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u7684
\n\u8a71\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u4e5f\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u4eba
\n\u6c92\u6709\u8207\u751f\u4ff1\u4f86\u7684\u826f\u597d\u6e9d\u901a\u6280\u5de7\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6280\u5de7\u5fc5\u9808\u9760
\n\u523b\u610f\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u53ca\u5b9a\u671f\u7684\u6aa2\u8a0e\u4f86\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u7dad\u6301\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u548c\u75c5\u60a3\u4e4b\u9593\u6e9d\u901a\u7684\u5169\u5927\u963b\u7919\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u4e0a
\n\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002\u5982\u679c\u91ab\u751f\u8207\u75c5\u60a3\u8aaa\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u5c31
\n\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4f4d\u53e3\u8b6f\u54e1\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u74b0\u5883
\n\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u7a31\u8077\u7684\u53e3\u8b6f\u54e1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u627e\u51fa
\n\u5728\u7576\u6642\u6700\u9069\u5408\u8a72\u4efb\u52d9\u7684\u4eba\u9078\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u6587\u5316\u5247\u5305\u62ec\u4e86
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n46
\n\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u4f46\u7bc4\u570d\u6bd4\u8a9e\u8a00\u66f4\u5ee3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u6e9d\u901a\u7684\u8b70\u984c
\n\u4e5f\u5c31\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5c0d\u65bc\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u53ca\u8d77\u56e0\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684
\n\u6587\u5316\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u91ab\u5e2b\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8a3a\u65b7\u53ca
\n\u6cbb\u7642\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u7aed\u76e1\u5fc3\u529b\u53bb
\n\u63a2\u7a76\u75c5\u60a3\u5c0d\u5065\u5eb7\u3001\u91ab\u7642\u4e4b\u77ad\u89e3\uff0c\u4e26\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u50b3\u9054\u7d66\u75c5\u60a3\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5df2\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c07\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u6240\u9700\u53ca\u6240\u8981\u7684\u3001\u95dc\u65bc\u5176\u8a3a
\n\u65b7\u3001\u9810\u6e2c\u53ca\u6cbb\u7642\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u8cc7
\n\u8a0a\u50b3\u9054\u7d66\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u5c31\u53ef
\n\u4ee5\u4f5c\u51fa\u5982\u4f55\u9032\u884c\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u77e5
\n\u60c5\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u300c\u540c\u610f\u300d\u4e00\u8a5e\u96b1\u542b\u63a5\u53d7\u6cbb\u7642\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c
\n\u7136\u800c\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u4e4b\u6982\u5ff5\u4ea6\u53ef\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u62d2\u7d55\u6cbb\u7642\uff0c\u6216\u8868
\n\u793a\u5f9e\u8a31\u591a\u66ff\u4ee3\u7642\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4f5c\u51fa\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u62d2\u7d55\u6cbb\u7642\u6703
\n\u5c0e\u81f4\u6b98\u969c\u6216\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u9084\u662f\u6709\u62d2\u7d55
\n\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3002
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u540c\u610f\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u660e\u793a\u7684\u6216\u6697\u793a\u7684\u3002\u660e\u793a\u7684
\n\u540c\u610f\u662f\u4ee5\u53e3\u982d\u6216\u66f8\u5beb\u65b9\u5f0f\u6388\u4e88\uff1b\u6697\u793a\u7684\u540c\u610f\u5247\u662f
\n\u6307\u75c5\u60a3\u4ee5\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u4f86\u8868\u793a\u6709\u610f\u9858\u9032\u884c\u67d0\u7a2e\u7642\u7a0b\u6216
\n\u6cbb\u7642\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u540c\u610f\u975c\u8108\u7a7f\u523a\u53ef\u900f\u904e\u4f38\u51fa\u624b\u81c2\u7684\u52d5
\n\u4f5c\u6697\u793a\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u5177\u6709\u98a8\u96aa\u6216\u5c07\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u8212\u9069\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\uff0c
\n\u6700\u597d\u8981\u53d6\u5f97\u660e\u793a\u540c\u610f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u53d6\u5f97\u6697\u793a\u540c\u610f\u3002
\n\u5c0d\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u53d6\u5f97\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6709\u5169
\n\u9805\u4f8b\u5916\uff1a
\n\uf06c \u75c5\u60a3\u81ea\u9858\u628a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6b0a\u4ea4\u7d66\u91ab\u5e2b\u6216\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u4e8b
\n\u5373\u4f7f\u62d2\u7d55\u6cbb\u7642\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4
\n\u6b98\u969c\u6216\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b
\n\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u9084\u662f\u6709\u62d2
\n\u7d55\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u6b0a\u5229
\n\u5373\u4f7f\u62d2\u7d55\u6cbb\u7642\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4
\n\u6b98\u969c\u6216\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b
\n\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u9084\u662f\u6709\u62d2
\n\u7d55\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u6b0a\u5229
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n47
\n\u60c5\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u5ea6\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u75c5\u60a3\u5b8c\u5168\u4fe1\u4efb\u91ab\u5e2b\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684
\n\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u53ef\u80fd\u544a\u8a34\u91ab\u5e2b\uff1a\u300c\u4f60\u89ba\u5f97\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\u6700
\n\u597d\u5c31\u597d\u3002\u300d\u4f46\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u6b64\u4e0d\u61c9\u6beb\u7121\u4fdd\u7559\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a5
\n\u53d7\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\u63d0\u4f9b\u75c5\u60a3\u6709\u95dc\u6cbb\u7642\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8cc7
\n\u6599\uff0c\u4e26\u9f13\u52f5\u4ed6\u5011\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728
\n\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u9f13\u52f5\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u4f9d\u7136\u8981\u91ab\u5e2b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u8a71\uff0c
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u4f9d\u75c5\u60a3\u4e4b\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u505a\u51fa\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002
\n\uf06c \u900f\u9732\u8cc7\u8a0a\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u9020\u6210\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u72c0\u6cc1
\n\u4e0b \uff0c \u6703 \u884c \u4f7f \u50b3 \u7d71 \u7684 \u300c \u6cbb \u7642 \u7279 \u8a31 (therapeutic
\nprivilege)\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u544a\u77e5\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u8a0a\u53ef\u80fd\u56b4\u91cd\u50b7
\n\u5bb3\u5230\u75c5\u60a3\u4e4b\u8089\u9ad4\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u6216\u60c5\u7dd2\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u88ab\u5141\u8a31
\n\u96b1\u779e\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u8a3a\u65b7\u7d50\u679c\u986f\u793a\u70ba\u75be\u75c5
\n\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u800c\u75c5\u60a3\u6975\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u6b64\u81ea\u6bba\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u7684
\n\u7279\u6b0a\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6feb\u7528\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u91ab\u5e2b\u552f\u6709\u5728\u6975\u7aef\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1
\n\u4e0b\u624d\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u4ee5\u671f\u76fc\u6240\u6709\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u90fd\u80fd
\n\u9762\u5c0d\u4e8b\u5be6\u4f86\u4f5c\u70ba\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u78ba\u8a8d\u544a\u77e5\u5be6\u60c5\u6240
\n\u9020\u6210\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c\u6703\u6bd4\u4e0d\u8aaa\u4f86\u5f97\u5927\u6642\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u544a
\n\u77e5\u3002
\n\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u6703\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u91ab\u5e2b\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u63d0\u4f9b
\n\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u5728\u8a3a\u65b7\u7d50\u679c\u70ba\u75be\u75c5\u672b\u671f\u6642\u4e26\u4e0d\u9069
\n\u7528\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u4e00\u822c\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6703\u8b93\u75c5\u60a3\u611f\u5230\u7d55
\n\u671b\uff0c\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u5f97\u5230\u75ca\u7652\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u6703\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u9918\u751f\u66f4\u52a0
\n\u75db\u82e6\u3002\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u5bb6\u5c6c\u61c7\u6c42\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e0d\u8981\u544a\u8a34
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u4ed6\u5011\u5373\u5c07\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e26\u4e0d\u5c11\u898b\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u5728\u50b3
\n\u9054\u58de\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u75c5\u5371\u6d88\u606f\u6642\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u63d0\u9ad8\u5c0d\u6587\u5316
\n\u53ca\u500b\u4eba\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u5df2
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n48
\n\u9010\u6f38\u88ab\u5ee3\u70ba\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8cac\u4efb\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u5354
\n\u52a9\u75c5\u60a3\u884c\u4f7f\u6b64\u4e00\u6b0a\u5229\u3002
\n\u5c07\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u8996\u70ba\u6d88\u8cbb\u6027\u7522\u54c1\u3001\u800c\u75c5\u60a3\u5247\u662f\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005
\n\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u8da8\u52e2\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u9019\u500b\u8da8\u52e2\u7684\u767c
\n\u5c55\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u4eba\u7d93\u5e38\u8981\u6c42\u53d6\u5f97\u91ab\u5e2b\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0d\u6070\u7576
\n\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u670d\u52d9\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u985e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u5f9e\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u75c5\u6bd2
\n\u611f\u67d3\u6642\u7d66\u4e88\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u3001\u7d66\u4e88\u5df2\u5ba3\u5224\u8166\u6b7b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u52a0\u8b77
\n\u75c5\u623f\u7684\u7167\u8b77\u3001\u5230\u8981\u6c42\u91ab\u5e2b\u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u4f46\u537b\u672a\u7d93
\n\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u85e5\u54c1\u6216\u624b\u8853\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u75c5\u60a3\u5ba3\u7a31\u6709\u300c\u6b0a\u5229\u300d\u4f7f
\n\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u4ed6\u5011\u89ba\u5f97\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u6df1\u4fe1\u90a3\u9805\u670d\u52d9\u5c0d\u65bc\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u91ab\u5b78
\n\u4e0a\u7684\u52a9\u76ca\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5f80\u5f80\u9084\u662f\u6703\u9858\u610f\u7b54\u61c9\u5176\u8acb\u6c42\u3002\u9019
\n\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5728\u8cc7\u6e90\u6709\u9650\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u5c24\u5176\u986f\u5f97\u56b4\u91cd\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba
\n\u63d0\u4f9b\u300c\u7121\u6548(futile)\u300d\u6216\u300c\u7121\u76ca(nonbeneficial)\u300d\u7684\u6cbb
\n\u7642\u7d66\u4e88\u67d0\u4e9b\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5176\u4ed6\u75c5\u60a3\u6703\u56e0\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230
\n\u6cbb\u7642\u3002
\n\u7121\u6548\u8207\u7121\u76ca\u53ef\u7528\u4e0b\u5217\u6240\u8ff0\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1
\n\u4e0b\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u53ef\u5224\u5b9a\u67d0\u9805\u6cbb\u7642\u5728\u300c\u91ab\u5b78\u4e0a\u300d\u662f\u7121\u6548\u6216
\n\u7121\u76ca\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5408\u7406\u7684\u75ca\u7652\u6216\u6539\u5584\u7684\u5e0c
\n\u671b\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u6c38\u9060\u7121\u6cd5\u9ad4\u6703\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u76ca\u8655\u3002\u800c
\n\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u75c5\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u6548\u7528\u548c\u76ca\u8655\u53ea\u80fd\u900f\u904e\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u6574\u9ad4\u5065\u5eb7\u7684
\n\u4e3b\u89c0\u5224\u65b7\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u5728\u4e00
\n\u822c\u5e38\u898f\u4e2d\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u61c9\u53c3\u8207
\n\u6709\u95dc\u4e00\u9805\u6cbb\u7642\u662f\u5426\u7121\u6548
\n\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u6c92\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u63d0\u4f9b\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u7121\u6548\u6216\u7121\u76ca\u7684\u6cbb\u7642
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6b0a\u4f7f\u7528\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u4e0d\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u670d\u52d9?
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u6c92\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u63d0\u4f9b\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u7121\u6548\u6216\u7121\u76ca\u7684\u6cbb\u7642
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6b0a\u4f7f\u7528\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u4e0d\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u670d\u52d9 ?
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n49
\n\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u672a\u5fc5\u7b26\u5408\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6700\u5927
\n\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u6c92\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u63d0\u4f9b\u75c5\u60a3\u7121\u6548\u6216\u7121\u76ca\u7684\u6cbb
\n\u7642\u3002
\n\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u539f\u5247\u5305\u542b\u75c5\u60a3\u6709\u6b0a\u5728\u91ab\u5e2b\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5404
\n\u7a2e\u9078\u9805\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u81f3\u65bc\u75c5\u60a3\u53ca\u5bb6\u5c6c\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e26\u672a
\n\u5efa\u8b70\u4e4b\u91ab\u7642\u670d\u52d9\u7a76\u7adf\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u8981\u6c42\u5230\u4f55\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5df2
\n\u6210\u70ba\u502b\u7406\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ca\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u4e0a\u722d\u8ad6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8b70\u984c\u4e4b
\n\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u91ab\u7642\u4fdd\u96aa\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u53ca\/\u6216\u5c08\u696d\u6a5f\u69cb\u4f5c\u51fa
\n\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u500b\u5225\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c07\u5fc5\u9808\u81ea\u5df1\u6c7a\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u540c\u610f\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u4e4b\u4e0d\u9069\u7576\u7684\u6cbb\u7642(inappropriate treatment)\u3002
\n\u82e5\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u6df1\u4fe1\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u5f0a\u591a\u65bc\u5229\uff0c\u5247\u61c9\u62d2\u7d55
\n\u9019\u985e\u8acb\u6c42\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6cbb\u7642\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u76ca\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6cbb\u7642
\n\u7121\u5bb3\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u4e5f\u61c9\u62d2\u7d55\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5b89\u6170\u5291\u6548\u679c
\n\u662f\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u3002\u82e5\u662f\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u6709\u9650\u78ba\u5be6\u69cb\u6210\u554f
\n\u984c\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u61c9\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u8005\u6ce8\u610f\u6b64\u4e00\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002
\n\u70ba\u7121\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a
\n\u8a31\u591a\u75c5\u60a3\u6c92\u80fd\u529b\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5e74\u8f15
\n\u7684\u5b69\u7ae5\u3001\u53d7\u67d0\u7a2e\u5fc3\u7406\u75be\u75c5\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u500b\u4eba\uff0c
\n\u53ca\u66ab\u6642\u5931\u53bb\u610f\u8b58\u6216\u8655\u65bc\u660f\u8ff7\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u9700\u8981\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c31\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u4eba\u58eb\u3002\u6c7a
\n\u5b9a\u8ab0\u662f\u9069\u5b9c\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u4ee3\u7406\u7121\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd
\n\u529b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6642\u8a72\u63a1\u53d6\u4f55\u7a2e\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u90fd\u6703\u7522\u751f\u502b
\n\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u3002
\n\u5728\u91ab\u7642\u7236\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u76db\u884c\u4e4b\u969b\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u7121\u6c7a\u5b9a
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n50
\n\u80fd\u529b\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u9069\u7576\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8005\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8207\u75c5\u60a3\u7684
\n\u5bb6\u5c6c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6b0a\u5f80\u5f80\u9084\u662f
\n\u5728\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5df2\u9010\u6f38
\n\u5931\u53bb\u9019\u9805\u6b0a\u5a01\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u88ab\u7d66\u4e88\u6307\u5b9a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba
\n\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u7121\u81ea\u4e3b\u80fd\u529b\u6642\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u5247\u5c0d\u65bc\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u9806\u4f4d
\n\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u4e08\u592b\u6216\u59bb\u5b50\u3001\u6210\u5e74\u7684\u5b50\u5973\u3001\u5144\u5f1f\u53ca\u59ca\u59b9
\n\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u6709\u6240\u898f\u5b9a\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u7576\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u6307
\n\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u6642\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u624d\u53ef\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u9019\u7d93\u5e38\u767c
\n\u751f\u65bc\u7dca\u6025\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e2d\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5728\u5176\u75c5\u60a3\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00
\n\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u9019\u985e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff1a
\n\u300c\u5982\u679c\u75c5\u60a3\u5931\u53bb\u610f\u8b58\u6216\u7121\u6cd5\u8868\u9054\u5176\u610f\u9858\uff0c\u52d9\u5fc5\u76e1
\n\u53ef\u80fd\u5f9e\u5408\u6cd5\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u627e\u4e0d
\n\u5230\u5408\u6cd5\u4ee3\u7406\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u6025\u9700\u91ab\u7642\u4ecb\u5165\uff0c\u5247\u75c5\u60a3\u5c07\u88ab
\n\u8996\u70ba\u540c\u610f\u63a5\u53d7\u6cbb\u7642\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u6709\u660e\u986f\u800c\u6beb\u7121\u7591\u554f\u7684\u8b49
\n\u64da\u986f\u793a\u75c5\u60a3\u5148\u524d\u5df2\u5805\u6c7a\u8868\u9054\u6216\u5ba3\u544a\u5728\u8a72\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c
\n\u4ed6\u6703\u62d2\u7d55\u91ab\u7642\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u3002\u300d
\n\u7576\u81ea\u8a8d\u70ba\u9069\u4efb\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\uff08\u5982\uff1a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u6210
\n\u54e1\uff09\u5f7c\u6b64\u610f\u898b\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u610f\u898b\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4f46\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e0d\u5229\u65bc\u75c5\u60a3\u6642\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u7522\u751f\u5f88
\n\u591a\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u53ef\u64d4\u4efb\u8abf\u89e3\u89d2
\n\u8272\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u662f\u610f\u898b\u6301\u7e8c\u4e0d\u4e00\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9
\n\u6cd5\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u8b93\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u7684\u9577\u8005\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6216\u6295\u7968\u8868
\n\u6c7a\u3002\u5728\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u8207\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e4b\u9593\u7522\u751f\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u610f\u898b\u5206
\n\u6b67\u6642\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5efa\u8a00\uff1a\u300c\u5982\u679c\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u4ee3\u7406\u8005\u6216\u75c5\u60a3\u6240\u6388\u6b0a\u8005\u6c7a\u5b9a\u505c\u6b62\u6cbb\u7642\uff0c\u800c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n51
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u537b\u8a8d\u70ba\u6cbb\u7642\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u5247\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u5411\u53f8\u6cd5\u6a5f
\n\u95dc\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u6a5f\u69cb\u53cd\u5c0d\u90a3\u9805\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u300d
\n\u5728\u5148\u524d\u6578\u7bc0\u4e2d\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u539f\u5247\u8207\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e0d
\n\u50c5\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u75c5\u60a3\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u5176\u4ee3\u7406\u6c7a\u5b9a
\n\u4eba\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u540c\u6a23\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u63d0\u4f9b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u505a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6642
\n\u6240\u9700\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3002\u9019\u5305\u62ec\u4ee5\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u8a71\u8a9e\u89e3\u8aaa\u8907\u96dc
\n\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u8a3a\u65b7\u3001\u9810\u5f8c\u548c\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u78ba\u5b9a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8005\u660e\u767d
\n\u6cbb\u7642\u9078\u9805\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6bcf\u9805\u7684\u5229\u5f0a\uff0c\u56de\u7b54\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u7684
\n\u7591\u554f\uff0c\u77ad\u89e3\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u82e5\u53ef\u80fd\u7684
\n\u8a71\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u53bb\u77ad\u89e3\u9019\u4e9b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u4ec0\u9ebc\u539f\u56e0\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u6709\u8fa6\u6cd5\u77ad\u89e3\u7121\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u75c5\u60a3\u4e4b\u610f\u9858\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u4ed6
\n\u7684\u504f\u597d(preferences)\u5247\u662f\u505a\u70ba\u6cbb\u7642\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5224
\n\u6e96 \u3002 \u300c \u504f \u597d \u300d \u53ef \u80fd \u8a18 \u9304 \u65bc \u9810 \u7acb \u91ab \u56d1 \uff08 advance
\ndirective\uff09\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u66fe\u7531\u75c5\u60a3\u50b3\u9054\u7d66\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6c7a
\n\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u3001\u91ab\u5e2b\u6216\u7167\u8b77\u5718\u968a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u54e1\u3002\u7576\u4e0d\u6e05
\n\u695a\u7121\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u504f\u597d\u6642\uff0c\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5247\u5fc5\u9808
\n\u57fa\u65bc\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u8981\u8003\u91cf\uff1a\uff08a\uff09\u75c5\u60a3\u7684
\n\u8a3a\u65b7\u53ca\u9810\u5f8c\uff1b\uff08b\uff09\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\uff1b\uff08c\uff09\u5f9e\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u58eb\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u53ef\u5354\u52a9\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5176\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca
\n\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u53d6\u5f97\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff1b\uff08d\uff09\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6587\u5316\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u80cc\u666f
\n\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u6cbb\u7642\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e4b\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8207\u75c5\u60a3\u81ea\u5df1\u5c0d\u65bc\u6cbb\u7642
\n\u7684\u660e\u78ba\u6307\u793a\u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u8f03\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83
\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e6b\u52a9\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u6309\u7167\u75c5\u60a3\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u9078\u64c7\uff0c
\n\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5c0d\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5927\u81f4\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u53bb\u63a8\u8ad6\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1
\n\u4e0b\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u6703\u5982\u4f55\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n52
\n\u505a\u91ab\u7642\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u5f88\u96e3\u8a55\u91cf\u7684\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5c0d\u5e74\u8f15
\n\u4eba\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u63a8\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u53d7\u5230\u6025\u6027\u6216\u6162\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u640d\u5bb3\u7684
\n\u4eba\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u52dd\u4efb\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6c7a
\n\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5225\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u537b\u4e0d\u884c\uff1b\u540c\u6a23\u5730\uff0c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f
\n\u6703\u6642\u597d\u6642\u58de\u2014\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u4e00\u5929\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u6642\u6bb5\u53ef\u80fd\u982d\u8166
\n\u6e05\u695a\u800c\u6709\u689d\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6642\u6bb5\u537b\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u6a23
\n\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u4e0d\u9069\u5b9c\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8981\u70ba
\n\u4ed6\u5011\u505a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6642\uff0c\u61c9\u8003\u91cf\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u504f\u597d\u3002\u75c5\u60a3\u6b0a\u5229
\n\u5ba3\u8a00\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u5982\u679c\u75c5\u60a3\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u6216\u662f\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5177
\n\u6709\u884c\u70ba\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u505a\u51fa\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u76f8\u95dc\u4e4b\u884c\u70ba\u6642\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b
\n\u53f8\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f44\u5730\u5340\u5247\u6703\u8981\u6c42
\n\u5f97 \u5230 \u6cd5 \u5b9a \u4ee3 \u7406 \u4eba \u4e4b \u540c
\n\u610f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u5fc5\u9808\u76e1
\n\u91cf\u8b93\u75c5\u60a3\u5728\u5176\u80fd\u529b\u7bc4\u570d
\n\u5167\u53c3\u8207\u6c7a\u5b9a\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u300d
\n\u7531\u65bc\u75be\u75c5\u6240\u5c0e\u81f4\u7684\u4e0d\u8212\u9069\u8207\u5206\u5fc3\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u5e38\u5e38\u7121\u6cd5
\n\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u9078\u9805\u505a\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u616e\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u8868\u660e\u62d2\u7d55\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u975c\u8108\u5167\u6ce8\u5c04
\n\u7ba1\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u75c5\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u7684\u8868\u9054\uff0c\u61c9
\n\u8a72\u4e88\u4ee5\u614e\u91cd\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5b83\u5011\u9084\u662f\u8981\u653e\u5728\u6cbb\u7642\u8a08\u5283
\n\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u76ee\u6a19\u4e0b\u4f86\u601d\u8003\u3002
\n\u7d93\u5224\u65b7\u5c0d\u672c\u4eba\u6216\u4ed6\u4eba\u6709\u5371\u96aa\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u6216\u795e\u7d93\u75be\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5f15\u767c\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u502b\u7406\u554f\u984c\u3002\u61c9\u76e1\u6700\u5927
\n\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3002
\n\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u50b7\u5bb3\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u6216\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f
\n\u8a31\u8981\u88ab\u7981\u9589\u53ca\/\u6216\u9055\u80cc\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u610f\u9858\u800c\u63a5\u53d7\u6cbb\u7642\u3002\u6211
\n\u5fc5\u9808\u76e1\u91cf\u8b93\u75c5\u60a3\u5728\u5176
\n\u80fd\u529b\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u53c3\u8207\u6c7a\u5b9a
\n\u904e\u7a0b\u3002
\n\u5fc5\u9808\u76e1\u91cf\u8b93\u75c5\u60a3\u5728\u5176
\n\u80fd\u529b\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u53c3\u8207\u6c7a\u5b9a
\n\u904e\u7a0b\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n53
\n\u5011\u5728\u6b64\u5fc5\u9808\u5206\u8fa8\uff1a\u975e\u81ea\u9858\u7981\u9589\u8207\u975e\u81ea\u9858\u6cbb\u7642\u5169\u8005
\n\u662f\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u75c5\u60a3\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u62d2\u7d55\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u6b0a
\n\u76ca\u61c9\u8a72\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u6700\u5f8c\u6703\u906d\u5230\u7981\u9589\u3002\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u4ee5\u5f80\u63a5\u53d7\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u7d93\u9a57\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u62d2\u7d55\u6cbb\u7642
\n\u7684\u5408\u7406\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6297\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u85e5\u7269\u6240\u5f15\u767c\u4e4b\u56b4\u91cd\u526f
\n\u4f5c\u7528\u7b49\u3002\u7576\u8eab\u70ba\u9019\u985e\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u6642\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u5011\u61c9\u78ba\u5b9a\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u78ba\u6703\u9020\u6210\u5371\u96aa\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4eba
\n\u6216\u81ea\u5df1\u9020\u6210\u56f0\u64fe\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6700\u7d42\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u6cd5\u6eff\u8db3\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u7684\u504f\u597d\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u8a66\u5716\u78ba\u8a8d\u75c5\u60a3\u5c0d\u65bc\u6cbb\u7642
\n\u7684\u504f\u597d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9019\u4e9b\u504f\u597d\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002
\n\u4fdd\u5bc6
\n\u81ea\u5f9e\u5e0c\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u6642\u4ee3\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4fdd\u5bc6\u7684\u8077
\n\u8cac\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002\u5e0c\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u8a93\u8a5e\u4e2d\u63d0
\n\u5230\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u6cbb\u7642\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u6cbb\u7642\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u6240\u76ee
\n\u7779\u6216\u8033\u805e\u95dc\u65bc\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u4e8b\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c0d\u5916\u516c\u4f48\uff0c
\n\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ee4\u4eba\u7f9e\u65bc\u555f\u9f52\u7684\u3002\u300d\u6b64\u8a93\u8a5e\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f4
\n\u665a\u8fd1\u7684\u8a93\u8a5e\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4fdd\u5bc6\u8cac\u4efb\u90fd\u4e0d\u5141\u8a31\u4efb\u4f55\u4f8b\u5916\u3002
\n\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u570b\u969b\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\u4e2d\u8981\u6c42\uff1a
\n\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u5176\u75c5\u60a3\u6240\u77e5\u6089\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u90fd\u61c9\u7d55\u5c0d\u4fdd\u5bc6\uff0c
\n\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u75c5\u60a3\u904e\u4e16\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u300d\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u898f
\n\u7bc4\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u4fdd\u5bc6\u539f\u5247\u662f\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u6703\u7684\u570b\u969b\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u5fb5\u5f97\u75c5\u60a3\u540c
\n\u610f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u6216\u5176\u5b83
\n\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u5be6\u8cea\u4e14\u6025\u8feb\u7684\u5a01
\n\u8105\u4e4b\u6642\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5fc5\u9808\u9055\u53cd
\n\u4fdd\u5bc6\u539f\u5247\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u9664\u5a01
\n\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u4e14\u6709\u9650\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1
\n\u4e0b\uff0c\u63ed\u9732\u96b1\u79c1\u4e26\u4e0d\u9055
\n\u53cd\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406
\n\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u4e14\u6709\u9650\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1
\n\u4e0b\uff0c\u63ed\u9732\u96b1\u79c1\u4e26\u4e0d\u9055
\n\u53cd\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n54
\n\u8105\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u7684\u63ed\u9732\u8a0a\u606f\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u502b\u7406\u7684\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u4fdd\u5bc6\u539f
\n\u5247\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u5f97\u5230\u6f84\u6e05\uff0c\u9055\u53cd\u4fdd\u5bc6\u539f\u5247\u6709\u6642\u53ef\u80fd
\n\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u7684\u3002
\n\u4fdd\u5bc6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ce6\u4e88\u6975\u9ad8\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4e09\u9805\u56e0
\n\u7d20\uff1a\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u3001\u5c0a\u91cd\u4ed6\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u81ea\u4e3b\u6b0a\u8207\u4fdd\u5bc6
\n\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u5728\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u8cc7\u6599\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u6c92\u6709
\n\u5176\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u610f\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u61c9\u5411\u4ed6\u4eba\u516c\u958b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u7121\u8ad6
\n\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u5c07\u79c1\u4eba\u8cc7\u8a0a\u544a\u77e5\u91ab\u5e2b\u6216\u8b77\u58eb\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u91ab\u5b78\u6aa2
\n\u9a57\u900f\u9732\u5176\u79c1\u4eba\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u77e5\u60c5\u8005\u90fd\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u5c0d\u6b64\u4fdd
\n\u5bc6\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u5df2\u7372\u5f97\u672c\u4eba\u6388\u6b0a\u540c\u610f\u3002
\n\u4fdd\u5bc6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u61c9\u7576\u53d7\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c
\n\u800c\u5c55\u73fe\u5c0d\u4eba\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u7dad\u6301\u4ed6\u5011\u7684
\n\u96b1\u79c1\u3002\u5728\u91ab\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u96b1\u79c1\u7d93\u5e38\u53d7\u5230\u6975\u5927\u7684
\n\u5371\u5bb3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9019\u66f4\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u5011\u8981\u907f\u514d\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u79c1\u751f\u6d3b
\n\u9020\u6210\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u4eba\u4eba\u5c0d\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u8981
\n\u6c42\u90fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u5047\u8a2d\u5225\u4eba\u6240\u8981\u7684\u548c\u6211\u5011
\n\u6240\u8981\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u3002\u54ea\u4e9b\u79c1\u4eba\u8cc7\u8a0a\u662f\u75c5\u60a3\u8981\u6c42\u4fdd\u5bc6
\n\u7684\uff1f\u54ea\u4e9b\u53c8\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u9858\u610f\u516c\u958b\u7684\uff1f\u90fd\u662f\u5fc5\u9808\u8b39\u614e\u4ee5
\n\u5c0d\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002
\n\u4fe1\u4efb\u662f\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u5f97\u5230\u91ab\u7642\u7167
\n\u8b77\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u5fc5\u9808\u5411\u91ab\u5e2b\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5c0d\u4ed6\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u964c\u751f
\n\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6d29\u9732\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u60f3\u8b93\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u8cc7
\n\u8a0a\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u7406\u7531\u53bb\u4fe1\u4efb\u7167\u8b77\u8005\u4e0d\u6703\u6d29
\n\u9732\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u5373\u662f\u4fdd\u5bc6\u7684\u502b\u7406\u53ca\u6cd5
\n\u5f8b\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u6703\u671f\u5f85\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u9075\u5b88\u5b83
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n55
\n\u5011\u3002\u75c5\u60a3\u82e5\u6c92\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u900f\u9732\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u6703\u88ab\u4fdd
\n\u5bc6\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u96b1\u85cf\u79c1\u4eba\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u91ab\u5e2b\u7121
\n\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\uff0c\u6216\u963b\u7919\u67d0\u7a2e\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u76ee\u6a19\u7684
\n\u9054\u6210\u3002
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\u5c0d\u65bc\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u6b0a\u4f5c
\n\u4e86\u7e3d\u7d50\uff1a
\n\uf06c \u6240\u6709\u53ef\u986f\u793a\u75c5\u60a3\u8eab\u4efd\u7684(identifiable)\u3001\u6709\u95dc\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u500b\u4eba\u5065\u5eb7\u60c5\u5f62\u3001\u91ab\u7642\u72c0\u6cc1\u3001\u8a3a\u65b7\u3001\u9810\u5f8c\u3001\u6cbb\u7642
\n\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u5207\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u52a0\u4ee5
\n\u4fdd\u5bc6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u75c5\u60a3\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd
\n\u5bc6\u3002\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u662f\uff0c\u5f8c\u4ee3\u53ef\u5f9e\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u8cc7\u8a0a
\n\u4e2d\u7372\u77e5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u98a8\u96aa\uff0c\u5247\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u6b0a\u7372\u5f97\u6b64\u4e00
\n\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3002
\n\uf06c \u9664\u975e\u75c5\u60a3\u660e\u78ba\u8868\u793a\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6709\u660e\u6587\u898f
\n\u5b9a\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u900f\u9732\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u5df2\u660e\u78ba\u8868\u793a\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u63d0\u4f9b\u5065\u5eb7
\n\u7167\u8b77\u8005\u300c\u5fc5\u9808\u77e5\u9053\u300d\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5c07\u75c5\u60a3\u7684
\n\u8cc7\u6599\u900f\u9732\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\u3002
\n\uf06c \u6240\u6709\u53ef\u986f\u793a\u75c5\u60a3\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u8b77\u3002
\n\u8cc7\u6599\u7684\u5132\u5b58\u4e5f\u61c9\u5f97\u5230\u9069\u7576\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u3002\u53ef\u986f\u793a\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u4eba\u9ad4\u7269\u8cea(human substance)\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u5fc5\u9808\u53d7
\n\u5230\u4fdd\u8b77\u3002
\n\u5982\u540c\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5ba3\u8a00\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u4fdd\u5bc6\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4e5f\u6709
\n\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u68d8\u624b\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u537b\u9020\u6210\u8b93\u91ab
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n56
\n\u5e2b\u5011\u5341\u5206\u70ba\u96e3\u7684\u502b\u7406\u554f\u984c\u3002
\n\u5728\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u6a5f\u69cb\uff0c\u90fd\u6703\u5e38\u614b\u6027\u5730\u900f\u9732\u75c5\u60a3\u96b1
\n\u79c1\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u3001\u8b77\u58eb\u3001\u6aa2\u9a57\u5e2b\u70ba\u4e86\u63d0\u4f9b\u75c5\u60a3\u9069\u7576\u7684\u7167
\n\u8b77\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u53d6\u5f97\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u75c5\u6b77\uff1b\u91ab\u5b78\u751f\u70ba\u4e86\u5b78\u7fd2\u5982\u4f55
\n\u884c\u91ab\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u53d6\u5f97\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u75c5\u6b77\u3002\u7121\u6cd5\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u96b1\u79c1
\n\u56b4\u683c\u4fdd\u5bc6\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u6240\u5728\u591a\u6709\uff1a\u7576\u75c5\u60a3\u8207\u7167\u8b77\u8005\u8b1b\u4e0d
\n\u540c\u8a9e\u8a00\u6642\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u53e3\u8b6f\u54e1\u4f86\u4fc3\u9032\u6e9d\u901a\uff1b\u5728\u75c5\u60a3\u7121\u6c7a
\n\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u91ab\u7642\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6642\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u5fc5\u9808\u53d6
\n\u5f97\u6709\u95dc\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4ee3\u66ff\u75c5\u60a3\u505a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e26\u7167\u8b77
\n\u4ed6\u5011\uff1b\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u4e5f\u4e00\u5411\u6703\u544a\u77e5\u6b7b\u8005\u5bb6\u5c6c\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6b7b
\n\u56e0\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u900f\u9732\u75c5\u60a3\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u7684\uff0c\u4f46
\n\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ecd\u61c9\u964d\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u53d6\u5f97\u96b1\u79c1\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c
\n\u4e5f\u61c9\u77ad\u89e3\u82e5\u5c0d\u589e\u9032\u75c5\u60a3\u6216\u5f8c\u4ee3\u5229\u76ca\u4e26\u7121\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u4fbf
\n\u4e0d\u53ef\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u50b3\u5e03\u8cc7\u6599\u3002\u800c\u7576\u9019\u4e9b\u5fc5\u9808\u900f\u9732\u75c5\u60a3\u96b1
\n\u79c1\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u767c\u751f\u6642\uff0c\u61c9\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u544a\u77e5\u75c5\u60a3\u3002
\n\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u900f\u9732\u75c5\u60a3\u96b1\u79c1\u53ef\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u662f\u914d\u5408\u6cd5
\n\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u8a31\u591a\u5730\u5340\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f37\u5236\u8981\u6c42\u5448\u5831\u6709
\n\u7279\u5b9a\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u60a3\u8005\u3001\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u99d5\u99db\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u6d89\u5acc
\n\u8650\u5f85\u5b69\u7ae5\u8005\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u61c9\u4e86\u89e3\u5728\u5176\u5de5\u4f5c\u5834\u5408\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd
\n\u9047\u5230\u9700\u8981\u900f\u9732\u75c5\u60a3\u96b1\u79c1
\n\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6cd5
\n\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u8207\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba
\n\u6b0a\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u800c\u5f8c
\n\u8005 \u537b \u662f \u91ab \u5b78 \u502b \u7406 \u7684 \u57fa
\n\u790e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u9700
\n\u8981\u900f\u9732\u75c5\u60a3\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b
\n\u5c0d\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u9700\u8981\u900f\u9732\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\uff0c
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u7686\u61c9\u56b4\u683c\u52a0\u4ee5
\n\u6aa2 \u8996 \uff0c \u4e26 \u5728 \u9075 \u5b88 \u4e4b
\n\u524d\uff0c\u78ba\u8a8d\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u7406\u7531
\n\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u7684
\n\u5c0d\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u9700\u8981\u900f\u9732\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\uff0c
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u7686\u61c9\u56b4\u683c\u52a0\u4ee5
\n\u6aa2\u8996\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u9075\u5b88\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c
\n\u78ba\u8a8d\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u7406\u7531\u662f\u6b63
\n\u7576\u7684
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n57
\n\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u7686\u61c9\u56b4\u683c\u52a0\u4ee5\u6aa2\u8996\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u9075\u5b88\u4e4b
\n\u524d\uff0c\u78ba\u8a8d\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u7406\u7531\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u91ab\u5e2b\u76f8\u4fe1\u9808
\n\u914d\u5408\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u800c\u900f\u9732\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6700\u597d
\n\u4e8b\u5148\u8207\u75c5\u60a3\u8a0e\u8ad6\u900f\u9732\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e26\u53d6\u5f97\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6d89\u5acc\u8650\u5f85\u5b69\u7ae5\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u65bc\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u5728\u5834\u6642\u5411\u5152\u7ae5\u4fdd\u8b77\u7576\u5c40\u81ea\u884c\u901a\u5831\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u901a
\n\u77e5\u7576\u5c40\u524d\u5148\u7372\u53d6\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u540c\u610f\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u5f80
\n\u5f8c\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u4f5c\u6e96\u5099\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u6709\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\u5ef6\u5f8c\u901a\u77e5\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u9020\u6210\u5b69\u7ae5\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u5371
\n\u96aa\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u91ab\u5e2b\u4fbf\u61c9\u7acb\u523b\u901a\u77e5\u5152\u7ae5\u4fdd\u8b77\u55ae\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e26\u96a8
\n\u5f8c\u544a\u77e5\u75c5\u60a3\u3002
\n\u9664\u4e86\u56e0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u800c\u900f\u9732\u75c5\u60a3\u96b1\u79c1\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5
\n\u6cc1\u4e2d\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u8cac\u4efb\u8981\u5c07\u4fdd\u5bc6\u8cc7\u8a0a\u900f\u9732
\n\u7d66\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u75c5\u60a3\u5371\u5bb3\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u8209\u5169\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1
\n\u70ba\u4f8b\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u75c5\u60a3\u544a\u8a34\u7cbe\u795e\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\u4ed6\u610f\u5716\u50b7\u5bb3\u67d0
\n\u4eba\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u91ab\u5e2b\u78ba\u4fe1\u611b\u6ecb\u75c5\u75c5\u60a3\u7e7c\u7e8c\u548c\u5176\u914d\u5076\u6216\u5176
\n\u4ed6\u4f34\u4fb6\u9032\u884c\u6c92\u4fdd\u8b77\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u6027\u884c\u70ba\u3002
\n\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6c92\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u9055\u53cd\u4fdd\u5bc6\u539f\u5247\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u662f\uff1a\u9810
\n\u671f\u9020\u6210\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u5f88\u5feb\u6703\u767c\u751f\u3001\u5f88\u56b4\u91cd\uff08\u4e14\u7121\u53ef\u9006
\n\u8f49\uff09\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u63a1\u53d6\u672a\u7d93\u6388\u6b0a\u4e4b\u900f\u9732\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u50b7\u5bb3\u5c07\u7121
\n\u53ef\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u900f\u9732\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c\u9060\u6bd4\u9055\u53cd\u4fdd
\n\u5bc6\u539f\u5247\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u66f4\u5927\u3002\u5728\u5224\u65b7\u76f8\u95dc\u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u6bd4
\n\u4f8b\u6642\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u9700\u8981\u8a55\u4f30\u53ca\u6bd4\u8f03\u5404\u7a2e\u50b7\u5bb3\u4e4b\u56b4\u91cd\u6027\u53ca
\n\u5b83\u5011\u767c\u751f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u82e5\u6709\u7591\u616e\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u4fbf\u61c9\u5c0b
\n\u6c42\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n58
\n\u5728\u91ab\u5e2b\u5224\u65b7\u5176\u8b66\u544a\u7684\u8cac\u4efb(duty to warn)\u53ef\u8b49\u6210\u672a\u7d93
\n\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u900f\u9732\u884c\u70ba\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u9084\u9700\u8981\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4f5c\u5169\u9805\u6c7a
\n\u5b9a\u3002\u544a\u77e5\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u662f\u8ab0\uff1f\u544a\u77e5\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u61c9\u6709\u591a\u5c11\uff1f\u4e00
\n\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u900f\u9732\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u61c9\u8a72\u53ea\u9650\u65bc\u70ba\u907f\u514d\u9810\u671f\u50b7\u5bb3
\n\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d66\u771f\u6b63\u9700\u8981\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684
\n\u4eba\u3002\u70ba\u6e1b\u4f4e\u50b7\u5bb3\u53ca\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u9020\u6210\u4e4b\u5192\u72af\uff0c\u900f\u9732
\n\u6642\u4e5f\u61c9\u63a1\u53d6\u5408\u7406\u7684\u6b65\u9a5f\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5efa\u8b70\u91ab\u5e2b\u544a\u77e5\u75c5
\n\u60a3\uff1a\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd\u8b77\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\uff0c
\n\u4fdd\u5bc6\u539f\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u88ab\u6253\u7834\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u61c9\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u8b00
\n\u53d6\u75c5\u60a3\u4e4b\u5408\u4f5c\u3002
\n\u5c0dHIV\u967d\u6027\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u7576\u75c5\u60a3\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u544a\u77e5\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7
\n\u5176\u50b3\u67d3\u7684\u4eba\u6642\uff0c\u5c07\u75c5\u60a3\u8cc7\u8a0a\u544a\u77e5\u5176\u914d\u5076\u6216\u76ee\u524d\u7684
\n\u6027\u4f34\u4fb6\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u4e0d\u5408\u4e4e\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u7684\u3002
\n\u4f46\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u544a\u77e5\u9700\u8981\u7b26\u5408\u4e0b\u5217\u6240\u6709\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\uff1a\u75c5\u60a3\u7684
\n\u4f34\u4fb6\u6709\u53d7HIV\u611f\u67d3\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6c92\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5408\u7406\u7684\u9014
\n\u5f91\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u77e5\u9019\u9805\u98a8\u96aa\uff1b\u75c5\u60a3\u62d2\u7d55\u544a\u77e5\u5176\u6027\u4f34\u4fb6\uff1b
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u62d2\u7d55\u91ab\u5e2b\u5354\u52a9\u5176\u544a\u77e5\u6027\u4f34\u4fb6\uff1b\u91ab\u5e2b\u5df2\u901a\u77e5\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u8981\u900f\u9732\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4e88\u5176\u4f34\u4fb6\u3002
\n\u7576\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u5c0d\u8c61\u662f\u5acc\u7591\u72af\u6216\u5df2\u5b9a\u8b9e\u7684\u72af\u4eba\u6642\uff0c\u4fdd
\n\u5bc6\u539f\u5247\u7684\u9069\u7528\u5c24\u5176\u56f0\u96e3\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u63d0\u4f9b\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u9867\u7d66\u9019
\n\u4e9b\u53d7\u76e3\u7981\u75c5\u60a3\u4e4b\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u6027\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u4ecd\u61c9\u76e1\u5176\u6700\u5927\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u75c5\u60a3\u4e00\u8996\u540c\u4ec1\u3002\u5c24\u5176
\n\u662f\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u53d6\u5f97\u75c5\u60a3\u540c\u610f\u524d\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7
\n\u8a0a\u4ecd\u61c9\u4fdd\u5bc6\uff0c\u4e0d\u61c9\u628a\u75c5\u60a3\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u6599\u900f\u9732\u4e88
\n\u76e3\u7344\u7576\u5c40\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n59
\n\u751f\u547d\u8d77\u59cb\u7684\u8b70\u984c(Beginning-of-life issues)
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4e2d\u8a31\u591a\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u90fd\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8d77
\n\u59cb\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u7bc7\u5e45\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u672c\u624b\u518a\u7121\u6cd5\u4e00\u4e00\u8a73\u8ff0\u9019
\n\u4e9b\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u503c\u5f97\u5728\u6b64\u628a\u5b83\u5011\u5217\u8209\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf
\n\u8b93\u8b80\u8005\u4e86\u89e3\u5b83\u5011\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u61c9\u4ee5\u502b\u7406\u65b9
\n\u5f0f\u8655\u7406\u4e4b\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u6bcf\u9805\u7686\u662f\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u3001\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca
\n\u653f\u5e9c\u8aee\u8a62\u55ae\u4f4d\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c0d\u65bc\u8655\u7406\u65b9
\n\u5f0f\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u8a02\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u898f\u7bc4\u53ca\u653f\u7b56\u3002
\n\uff0a\u907f\u5b55\uff0d\u96d6\u7136\u570b\u969b\u793e\u6703\u9010\u6f38\u627f\u8a8d\u5a66\u5973\u7684\u751f\u80b2\u81ea\u4e3b
\n\u6b0a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u61f7\u5b55\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u4f9d\u7136
\n\u8981\u61c9\u4ed8\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u8005\u8981\u6c42\u907f\u5b55\uff0c
\n\u4ee5\u53ca\u89e3\u91cb\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u907f\u5b55\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u98a8\u96aa\u3002
\n\uff0a\u4eba\u5de5\u5354\u52a9\u751f\u80b2\uff0d\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u7136\u53d7\u5b55\u7684\u592b\u5a66\uff08\u53ca
\n\u500b\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u5354\u52a9\u751f\u80b2\u7684\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982
\n\u4eba\u5de5\u53d7\u7cbe\u3001\u9ad4\u5916\u6388\u7cbe\u4ee5\u53ca\u80da\u80ce\u8f49\u6b96\uff0c\u5404\u4e3b\u8981\u91ab
\n\u5b78 \u4e2d \u5fc3 \u5df2 \u90fd \u80fd \u63d0 \u4f9b \u9019 \u4e9b \u6280 \u8853 \u3002 \u4ee3 \u7406 \u61f7 \u5b55
\n\uff08surrugate or substitute gestation\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u9078\u9805\u4e4b
\n\u4e00\u3002\u4f46\u7121\u8ad6\u5728\u500b\u5225\u6848\u4f8b\u6216\u662f\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b
\n\u6280\u8853\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u662f\u6beb\u7121\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u30022006\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u6703\u4eba\u5de5\u5354\u52a9\u751f\u6b96\u79d1\u6280\u8072\u660e\u6307\u51fa\u300c\u6709\u4e9b\u8b70\u984c\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u6703\u9054\u6210\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u610f\u898b\u6b67\u7570\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u4e14
\n\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u6c7a\u3002\u300d\u8a72\u8072\u660e\u6307\u51fa\u6709\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u4e5f\u660e
\n\u5217\u51fa\u96e3\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u5354\u8b70\u7684\u4e8b\u9805\u3002
\n\uff0a\u7522\u524d\u57fa\u56e0\u7be9\u6aa2\uff0d\u57fa\u56e0\u6aa2\u9a57\u5982\u4eca\u5df2\u80fd\u5224\u65b7\u80da\u80ce\u6216
\n\u80ce\u5152\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u57fa\u56e0\u7570\u5e38\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6027\u5225\u662f\u7537\u6027
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n60
\n\u6216\u5973\u6027\u3002\u6839\u64da\u6aa2\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u51fa\u662f\u5426\u8981\u7e7c\u7e8c
\n\u61f7\u5b55\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u9700\u8981\u5224\u65b7\u4f55\u6642\u63d0\u4f9b\u9019\u4e9b\u6aa2
\n\u9a57\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u5411\u75c5\u60a3\u89e3\u8aaa\u7d50\u679c\u3002
\n\uff0a\u58ae\u80ce\uff0d\u9019\u662f\u9577\u4e45\u4ee5\u4f86\u5728\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4e0a\u610f\u898b\u6700\u5206\u6b67
\n\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5c0d\u65bc\u91ab\u5e2b\u6216\u516c\u7acb\u6a5f\u95dc\u7576\u5c40
\n(public authority)\u4f86\u8aaa\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5728\u6cbb
\n\u7642 \u6027 \u58ae \u80ce \u8072 \u660e \uff08 Statement on Therapeutic
\nAbortion\uff09\u4e2d\u627f\u8a8d\u5404\u65b9\u610f\u898b\u53ca\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5728\u9019\u9805\u8b70\u984c\u4e0a
\n\u7684\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u6b64\u7d50\u8ad6\uff08\u8907\u5be9\u4fee\u6539\uff09\uff1a\u300c\u9019\u662f\u500b
\n\u4eba\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4ee5\u53ca\u826f\u77e5\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u53d7\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u300d
\n\uff0a\u91cd\u5ea6\u6b98\u969c\u7684\u65b0\u751f\u5152\uff0d\u7531\u65bc\u904e\u5ea6\u65e9\u7522\u6216\u662f\u5148\u5929\u7578
\n\u578b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u751f\u5152\u7684\u9810\u5f8c\u5341\u5206\u4e0d\u6a02\u89c0\u3002\u5230\u5e95\u61c9\u8a72
\n\u8a66\u5716\u5ef6\u7e8c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff1f\u9084\u662f\u5141\u8a31\u4ed6\u5011\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff1f\u9019
\n\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u500b\u5341\u5206\u8271\u96e3\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002
\n\uff0a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8b70\u984c\uff0d\u5305\u62ec\u57f9\u990a\u65b0\u80da\u80ce\u3001\u904b\u7528\u300c\u5269\u9918
\n\u7684\u300d\u80da\u80ce\uff08\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u88ab\u7528\u4f86\u751f\u6b96\u7684\u80da\u80ce\uff09\u53d6\u5f97\u5e79
\n\u7d30\u80de\u4ee5\u7814\u767c\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u8a66\u9a57\u5354\u52a9\u751f\u80b2\u7684
\n\u65b0\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u65bc\u80ce\u5152\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u3002
\n\u751f\u547d\u7d42\u672b\u7684\u8b70\u984c(End-of-life issues)
\n\u751f\u547d\u7d42\u672b\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u7bc4\u570d\u5341\u5206\u5ee3\u6cdb\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u4ee5\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8a66
\n\u9a57\u6280\u8853\uff08\u5982\u79fb\u690d\u52d5\u7269\u5668\u5b98\uff09\u8a66\u5716\u53bb\u5ef6\u9577\u5782\u6b7b\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5617\u8a66\u85c9\u7531\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\u53ca\u91ab\u7642\u4e0a\u7684\u5354\u52a9\u81ea
\n\u6bba\u4f86\u63d0\u65e9\u7d50\u675f\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u751f\u547d\u7d42\u672b\u8b70\u984c\u7684\u7bc4
\n\u7587\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u6975\u7aef\u6848\u4f8b\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u9084\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u597d\u5e7e\u500b\u5176\u4ed6
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n61
\n\u7684\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u555f\u7528\u6216\u653e\u68c4\u53ef\u80fd\u5ef6\u9577\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u3001
\n\u7167\u8b77\u672b\u671f\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9810\u7acb\u91ab\u56d1\u7684\u9069\u7576\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u904b
\n\u7528\u3002
\n\u6709\u5169\u500b\u8b70\u984c\u503c\u5f97\u7279\u5225\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\u53ca\u5354\u52a9\u81ea\u6bba
\n\uff0a\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\u662f\u6307\u77e5\u60c5\u800c\u523b\u610f\u5730\u53bb\u5f9e\u4e8b\u660e\u986f\u8db3\u4ee5\u7d50\u675f
\n\u53e6\u4e00\u4eba\u751f\u547d\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5fc5\u9808\u5305\u542b\u4e0b\u5217\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a
\n\uff081\uff09\u7576\u4e8b\u4eba\u5177\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u5f97\u6089\u81ea\u8eab\u5df2\u7f79\u60a3\u7121\u6cd5
\n\u6cbb\u7652\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u4e26\u81ea\u9858\u8981\u6c42\u7d50\u675f\u5176\u751f\u547d\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u57f7
\n\u884c\u8005\u77ad\u89e3\u7576\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u53ca\u60f3\u6b7b\u7684\u610f\u9858\uff0c\u57f7\u884c\u6b64
\n\u884c\u52d5\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u7d50\u675f\u7576\u4e8b\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff1b\uff08\uff13\uff09\u8a72
\n\u884c\u52d5\u51fa\u65bc\u540c\u60c5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u57f7\u884c\u8005\u4e26\u7121\u6cd5\u5f9e\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u500b
\n\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u3002
\n\uff0a\u5354\u52a9\u81ea\u6bba\u662f\u6307\u77e5\u60c5\u53ca\u523b\u610f\u5730\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e88\u67d0\u4eba\u81ea\u6bba\u6240
\n\u9700\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u544a\u77e5\u81f4\u547d\u6240\u9700\u7684\u85e5\u91cf\u3001
\n\u958b\u7acb\u81f4\u547d\u85e5\u91cf\u7684\u8655\u65b9\u6216\u63d0\u4f9b\u85e5\u7269\u3002
\n\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\u548c\u5354\u52a9\u81ea\u6bba\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u76f8\u7b49
\n\u7684\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u5be6\u8e10\u4e0a\u6709\u8457\u660e\u986f\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b
\n\u5730\u5340\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6709\u6240\u5340\u5225\u3002
\n\u4f9d\u7167\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\u548c\u5354\u52a9\u81ea\u6bba\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u4fdd\u7559\u6216
\n\u64a4\u56de\u4e0d\u9069\u7576\u3001\u7121\u6548\u6216\u4e0d\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u91ab\u7642\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d
\n\u540c\u65bc\u5bcc\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u7684\u5b89\u5be7\u7de9\u548c\u7642\u8b77\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5f8c\u9762\u5e7e\u9805\u63aa
\n\u65bd\u6709\u6642\u4e5f\u6703\u7e2e\u77ed\u751f\u547d\u3002
\n\u5c0d\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\u6216\u5354\u52a9\u81ea\u6bba\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u75c5\u60a3\u89ba
\n\u5f97\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u5df2\u96e3\u4ee5\u5bb9\u5fcd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5be7\u53ef\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8981
\n\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6d3b\u5728\u90a3\u7a2e\u75db\u82e6\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u75c5\u60a3\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n62
\n\u5011\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u9078\u64c7\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u9019\u6a23\u9078\u64c7\u7684
\n\u8a71\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u6b0a\u5728\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u5354\u52a9\u3002\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u4f46\u5177
\n\u5099\u91ab\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u9069\u7576\u7684\u85e5\u7269\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u78ba\u4fdd\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u80fd\u5feb\u901f\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u75db\u82e6\u5730\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002
\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u898b\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u57f7\u884c\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\u6216\u5354
\n\u52a9\u81ea\u6bba\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u5728\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u975e
\n\u6cd5\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6e96\u5247\u4e5f\u7981\u6b62\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u3002
\n\u9019\u9805\u7981\u4ee4\u662f\u5e0c\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u8a93\u8a5e\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u660e
\n\u78ba \u5730 \u5728 2005 \u5e74 \u4e16 \u754c \u91ab \u5e2b \u6703 \u7684 \u5354 \u52a9 \u81ea \u6bba \u4e4b \u8072 \u660e
\n\uff08Declaration on Statement on Assisted Suicide\uff09\u8207\u5b89
\n\u6a02\u6b7b\u4e4b\u8072\u660e\uff08Declaration on Euthanasia\uff09\u4e2d\u88ab\u91cd
\n\u7533\u3002\u5f8c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff1a
\n\u300c\u5373\u4f7f\u51fa\u65bc\u75c5\u60a3\u672c\u8eab\u6216\u5176\u89aa\u5c6c\u4e4b\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\u2014
\n\u523b\u610f\u7d50\u675f\u75c5\u60a3\u751f\u547d\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u2014\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u4e4e\u502b\u7406
\n\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c0a\u91cd\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u610f\u9858\uff0c\u8b93
\n\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6b77\u7a0b\u96a8\u8457\u672b\u671f\u75be\u75c5\u800c\u81ea\u7136\u5230\u4f86\u3002\u300d
\n\u62d2\u7d55\u914d\u5408\u5b89\u6a02\u6b7b\u6216\u5354\u52a9\u81ea\u6bba\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u5c0d\u65bc\u75be\u75c5\u5df2\u5230\u672b\u671f\u3001\u800c\u6cbb\u7652\u6027\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u63aa\u65bd\u5df2\u4e0d
\n\u9069\u7528\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u53ea\u80fd\u675f\u624b\u7121
\n\u7b56\u30022006\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703
\n\u95dc\u65bc\u81e8\u7d42\u7167\u8b77\u4e4b\u5a01\u5c3c\u65af
\n\u8072\u660e\u82072011\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u6703\u751f\u547d\u672b\u671f\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u5ba3
\n\u8a00\u7686\u91dd\u5c0d\u5354\u52a9\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u5c24
\n\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u7d55
\n\u4e0d \u80fd \u653e \u68c4 \u81e8 \u7d42 \u7684 \u75c5
\n\u60a3\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd
\n\u75ca\u7652\uff0c\u4ecd\u61c9\u7e7c\u7e8c\u63d0\u4f9b
\n\u5bcc\u6709\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u7684\u7167\u8b77\u3002
\n\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u7d55
\n\u4e0d\u80fd\u653e\u68c4\u81e8\u7d42\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c
\n\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u75ca\u7652\uff0c
\n\u4ecd\u61c9\u7e7c\u7e8c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bcc\u6709\u540c
\n\u7406\u5fc3\u7684\u7167\u8b77\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n63
\n\u5176\u662f\u7de9\u548c\u7167\u9867\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u6307\u5c0e\u65b9\u91dd\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u7de9
\n\u548c\u91ab\u7642\u5df2\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u9032\u6b65\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u53ef\u4ee5\u85c9\u6b64\u6e1b\u8f15\u75db\u82e6\u4e26
\n\u6539\u5584\u751f\u6d3b\u54c1\u8cea\u3002\u7de9\u548c\u91ab\u7642\u9069\u65bc\u6240\u6709\u5e74\u9f61\u5c64\u7684\u75c5
\n\u60a3\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u764c\u75c7\u75c5\u7ae5\u6216\u81e8\u7d42\u8001\u4eba\u7686\u7136\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7de9\u548c
\n\u91ab\u7642\u4e2d\u7279\u5225\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u6240\u6709\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u75bc
\n\u75db\u63a7\u5236\u554f\u984c\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7167\u9867\u81e8\u7d42\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u90fd\u61c9\u78ba
\n\u4fdd\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u6b64\u4e00\u9818\u57df\u5177\u5099\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u884c\u7684
\n\u8a71\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u5c0b\u6c42\u4f86\u81ea\u7de9\u548c\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u7167\u6703
\n\u5354\u52a9\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u7d55\u4e0d\u80fd\u653e\u68c4\u81e8\u7d42\u7684\u75c5
\n\u60a3\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u75ca\u7652\uff0c\u4ecd\u61c9\u7e7c\u7e8c\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bcc\u6709\u540c
\n\u7406\u5fc3\u7684\u7167\u8b77\u3002
\n\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u3001\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u548c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5e36\u4f86\u8a31\u591a
\n\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6311\u6230\u3002\u900f\u904e\u85e5\u7269\u3001\u5fc3\u80ba\u5fa9\u7526\u8853\u3001\u653e\u5c04
\n\u7dda\u6cbb\u7642\u53ca\u52a0\u8b77\u75c5\u623f\u7b49\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u78ba\u53ef\u80fd\u7372\u5f97\u5ef6
\n\u9577\uff0c\u4f46\u4f55\u6642\u8981\u958b\u59cb\u9019\u4e9b\u6cbb\u7642\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u9019\u4e9b\u6cbb\u7642\u7121
\n\u6548\uff0c\u4f55\u6642\u61c9\u8a72\u505c\u6b62\uff1f\u90fd\u662f\u9700\u8981\u505a\u51fa\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002
\n\u8aa0\u5982\u672c\u7ae0\u524d\u534a\u90e8\u5c0d\u6e9d\u901a\u548c\u540c\u610f\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u6709\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd
\n\u529b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u78ba\u6709\u6b0a\u62d2\u7d55\u91ab\u7642\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u9019\u9805\u62d2\u7d55\u53ef\u80fd
\n\u5c0e\u81f4\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u65bc\u81e8\u7d42\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u5927\u6709
\n\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u6703\u76e1\u4e00\u5207\u6240\u80fd\u4f86\u5ef6\u9577\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u9019
\n\u4e9b\u5ef6\u547d\u63aa\u65bd\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u591a\u5927\u75db\u82e6\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u537b\u4e00\u5fc3\u671f\u671b\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u62d2\u7d55\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u5b58\u6d3b\u7684
\n\u7c21\u55ae\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7d30\u83cc\u6027\u80ba\u708e\u6240\u7528\u7684\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u3002\u4e00\u65e6
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u5df2\u76e1\u4e00\u5207\u52aa\u529b\u544a\u77e5\u75c5\u60a3\u5404\u7a2e\u91ab\u7642\u9078\u64c7\u53ca\u5176\u6210
\n\u529f\u6a5f\u7387\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u662f\u5426\u8981\u9032\u884c\u6216\u662f\u6301\u7e8c\u4efb\u4f55\u6cbb\u7642\uff0c\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u5c31\u61c9\u5c0a\u91cd\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n64
\n\u70ba\u7121\u6c7a\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u505a\u751f\u547d\u7d42\u672b\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5f80\u5f80\u7522\u751f
\n\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u96e3\u984c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u75c5\u60a3\u4e8b\u5148\u5df2\u7d93\u660e\u78ba\u8868\u9054\u5fc3\u9858
\n\uff08\u5982\u9810\u7acb\u91ab\u56d1\uff09\uff0c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u9019\u985e\u91ab
\n\u56d1\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u901a\u5e38\u6975\u70ba\u542b\u7cca\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4ee5\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u60c5\u6cc1
\n\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u8b80\u3002\u4f46\u5018\u82e5\u75c5\u60a3\u5c1a\u672a\u9069\u7576\u5730\u8868\u9054\u610f\u9858\uff0c\u5408
\n\u9069\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u4fbf\u9700\u4f9d\u64da\u53e6\u4e00\u9805\u6a19\u6e96\u4f86\u4f5c\u6cbb\u7642\u7684
\n\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff1a\u75c5\u60a3\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u3002
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u56de\u9867
\n\u4f9d\u7167\u672c\u7ae0\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u5206\u6790\uff0cP\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u884c\u70ba
\n\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u500b\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u7f3a\u9ede\uff1a
\n1.\u6e9d\u901a\uff0d\u4ed6\u6c92\u8a66\u5716\u8207\u75c5\u60a3\u6e9d\u901a\u5176\u75c5\u56e0\u3001\u6cbb\u7642\u9078
\n\u9805\uff0c\u6216\u7576\u5979\u5fa9\u539f\u6642\u662f\u5426\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4f4f\u9662\uff1b
\n2.\u540c\u610f\uff0d\u4ed6\u6c92\u7372\u5f97\u75c5\u60a3\u5c0d\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\uff1b
\n3.\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\uff0d\u4ed6\u7684\u8655\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u986f\u793a\u4ed6\u4e26\u672a\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u56f0
\n\u5883\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u624b\u8853\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u8a31\u5341\u5206\u512a
\n\u79c0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u8f2a\u73ed\u7d50\u675f\u5f8c\u611f\u5230\u8eab\u5fc3
\n\u4ff1\u75b2\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u9055\u80cc\u502b\u7406\u7684\u85c9\u53e3\u3002
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u56de\u9867
\n\u4f9d\u7167\u672c\u7ae0\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u5206\u6790\uff0cP \u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u884c
\n\u70ba\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u500b\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u7f3a\u9ede\uff1a
\n1. \u6e9d\u901a\uff0d\u4ed6\u6c92\u8a66\u5716\u8207\u75c5\u60a3\u6e9d\u901a\u5176\u75c5\u56e0\u3001\u6cbb\u7642\u9078
\n\u9805\uff0c\u6216\u7576\u5979\u5fa9\u539f\u6642\u662f\u5426\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4f4f\u9662\uff1b
\n2. \u540c\u610f\uff0d\u4ed6\u6c92\u7372\u5f97\u75c5\u60a3\u5c0d\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\uff1b
\n3. \u540c\u7406\u5fc3\uff0d\u4ed6\u7684\u8655\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u986f\u793a\u4ed6\u4e26\u672a\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u7684
\n\u56f0\u5883\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u624b\u8853\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u8a31\u5341\u5206
\n\u512a\u79c0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u8f2a\u73ed\u7d50\u675f\u5f8c\u611f\u5230
\n\u8eab\u5fc3\u4ff1\u75b2\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u9055\u80cc\u502b\u7406\u7684\u85c9\u53e3\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n65
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u75c5
\n\u95dc
\n\u4fc2
\n66
\nLooking AIDS in the Face
\n\u00a9 Gideon Mendel\/CORBIS
\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0 \u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u793e\u6703
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n67
\n\u76ee\u6a19
\n\u7814\u8b80\u672c\u7ae0\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4f60\u61c9\u8a72\u80fd\u5920\uff1a
\n\u25cf \u8a8d\u8b58\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u548c\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u885d
\n\u7a81\uff0c\u4e26\u77ad\u89e3\u5169\u8005\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002
\n\u25cf \u8a8d\u8b58\u4e26\u8655\u7406\u6709\u95dc\u5206\u914d\u7a00\u6709\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e4b\u502b\u7406
\n\u8b70\u984c
\n\u25cf \u8a8d\u8b58\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u53ca\u5168\u7403\u885b\u751f\u4e4b\u8cac\u4efb
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n68
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76 (\u4e8c)
\nS\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u65bc\u70ba\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u6bdb\u75c5\u770b\u597d\u5e7e\u500b\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u8010\u7169\uff0c\u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u6d6a\u8cbb\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7
\n\u6e90\uff0c\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u4e5f\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c
\n\u56e0\u6b64\u5979\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8981\u544a\u8a34\u9019\u4e9b\u75c5\u60a3\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u7e7c\u7e8c\u627e
\n\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5e2b\u770b\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5979\u5c07\u6703\u62d2\u7d55\u6cbb\u7642\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u3002\u5979\u6253\u7b97\u627e\u5168\u570b\u91ab\u5e2b\u5354\u6703\u53bb\u904a\u8aaa\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5f9e\u653f
\n\u7b56\u9762\u4f86\u904f\u6b62\u9019\u7a2e\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0d\u7576\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u793e\u6703\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u6709\u4f55\u7279\u5225\uff1f
\n\u91ab\u7642\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c08\u696d\u3002\u300e\u5c08\u696d\u300f\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\u622a\u7136\u4e0d
\n\u540c\u3001\u537b\u6709\u8457\u5bc6\u5207\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1a(1)\u4e00\u7a2e\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7279
\n\u5fb5\u7684\u8077\u696d\uff1a\u70ba\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u798f\u5229\u5949\u737b\u3001\u9ad8\u9053\u5fb7\u6a19\u6e96\u3001\u5177
\n\u5099\u77e5\u8b58\u548c\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u4e14\u9ad8\u5ea6\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002 (2)\u6240\u6709\u5f9e\u4e8b\u6b64\u8077\u696d
\n\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u300c\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u300d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u91ab\u7642\u884c\u70ba\u6216
\n\u6cdb\u6307\u91ab\u5e2b\u3002
\n\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u4e0d\u53ea\u5305\u62ec\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d
\n\u53ea\u662f\u7a0d\u5f8c\u6703\u65bc\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\u6240\u8ac7\u5230\u7684\u540c\u5115\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5b78\u5c08
\n\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u4e4b\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1b\u91ab\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\u4e5f\u548c\u793e\u6703\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u95dc
\n\u4fc2\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300e\u793e\u6703\u5951\u7d04(social contract)\u300f\uff0c\u5728\u6b64
\n\u5951\u7d04\u4e2d\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u7d66\u4e88\u5c08\u696d\u7279\u6b0a\uff0c\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u627f\u64d4\u7368\u6709\u7684
\n\u6216\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u63d0\u4f9b\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f
\n\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u4eab\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u898f\u7bc4(self-regulation)\u4e4b\u7a7a
\n\u9593\u3002\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u5c08\u696d\u4e5f\u540c\u610f\u5c07\u6b64\u7279\u6b0a\u9996\u5148\u7528\u65bc\u63d0\u5347
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76 ( \u4e8c )
\nS \u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u65bc\u70ba\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u6bdb\u75c5\u770b\u597d\u5e7e\u500b\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u8010\u7169\uff0c\u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u6d6a\u8cbb\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7
\n\u6e90\uff0c\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u4e5f\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c
\n\u56e0\u6b64\u5979\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8981\u544a\u8a34\u9019\u4e9b\u75c5\u60a3\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u7e7c\u7e8c\u627e
\n\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5e2b\u770b\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u5979\u5c07\u6703\u62d2\u7d55\u6cbb\u7642\u4ed6\u5011\u3002
\n\u5979\u6253\u7b97\u627e\u5168\u570b\u91ab\u5e2b\u5354\u6703\u53bb\u904a\u8aaa\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5f9e\u653f\u7b56\u9762
\n\u4f86\u904f\u6b62\u9019\u7a2e\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0d\u7576\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n69
\n\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u798f\u7949\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u624d\u7528\u5728\u500b\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002
\n\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u4ee5\u5f80\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u800c\u975e
\n\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5b83\u767c\u751f\u65bc\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u4f01\u696d\u7d44\u7e54\u53ca
\n\u8cc7\u91d1\u7b49\u8108\u7d61\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u77e5\u8b58\u57fa\u790e\u548c\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u90fd\u4ef0\u8cf4
\n\u65bc\u516c\u79c1\u90e8\u9580\u4e2d\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u7522\u54c1\u7814\u767c\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u8a31\u591a
\n\u904e\u7a0b\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u900f\u904e\u8907\u96dc\u7684
\n\u5065 \u5eb7 \u7167 \u8b77 \u6a5f \u69cb \u624d \u80fd \u5be6
\n\u73fe \u3002 \u91ab \u5b78 \u8655 \u7406 \u75be \u75c5
\n(disease)\u8207\u751f\u75c5(illness)\uff0c
\n\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5b83\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u662f\u751f\u7269\u6027
\n\u6216\u662f\u793e\u6703\u6027\u7684\u3002
\n\u5e0c\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u50b3\u7d71\u5c0d\u65bc\u91ab\u5e2b\u548c\u793e\u6703\u4e4b\u9593
\n\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u6307\u5c0e\u65b9\u91dd\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u88dc\u5145
\n\u9019\u500b\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u7a76\u5728
\n\u500b\u5225\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e4b\u5916\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u51fa\u8655
\n\u7406\u9019\u4e9b\u8b70\u984c\u6642\u6240\u9700\u4e4b\u6e96\u5247\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002
\n\u8ac7\u5230\u91ab\u5b78\u7684\u300e\u793e\u6703\u300f\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u7acb\u5373\u60f3
\n\u5230\uff1a\u4f55\u8b02\u300e\u793e\u6703\u300f\uff1f\u5728\u672c\u624b\u518a\u4e2d\uff0c\u300e\u793e\u6703\u300f\u6307\u7684
\n\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u5340\u6216\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5b83\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u3002\u653f
\n\u5e9c\u61c9\u8a72\u4ee3\u8868\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u662f\u5982
\n\u6b64\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c31\u7b97\u653f\u5e9c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u662f
\n\u70ba\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u800c\u505a\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ee5\u8eab\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u53bb\u505a\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u548c\u793e\u6703\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u793e
\n\u6703\u53ca\u5176\u74b0\u5883\u662f\u5f71\u97ff\u75c5\u60a3\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u91ab
\n\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u53ca\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u3001\u885b\u751f\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u74b0
\n\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u4ee5
\n\u5f80 \u66f4 \u50cf \u662f \u7a2e \u793e \u6703 \u6d3b
\n\u52d5\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u500b\u4eba
\n\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c
\n\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u4ee5
\n\u5f80\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c
\n\u800c\u975e\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5de5
\n\u4f5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n70
\n\u4fdd\u3001\u5f71\u97ff\u793e\u5340\u5065\u5eb7\u8207\u798f\u7949\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ee5\u53ca\u53f8\u6cd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e4b
\n\u898b\u8b49\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u626e\u6f14\u8457\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u4e16\u754c
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5728\u75c5\u60a3\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00(Declaration on the Rights of
\nthe Patient )\u4e0a\u6240\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u53ea\u8981\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u52d5\u3001\u5176\u5b83
\n\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u9580\u6216\u6a5f\u69cb\u9055\u53cd\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c31\u61c9\u5c0b\u6c42
\n\u9069\u7576\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u4fdd\u969c\u6216\u6062\u5fa9\u8a72\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\u300f\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u65bc\u5206
\n\u914d\u793e\u6703\u7a00\u6709\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e5f\u626e\u6f14\u8457\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u6709\u6642
\n\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u9632\u6b62\u75c5\u60a3\u64c5\u7528\u4ed6\u5011\u7121\u6b0a\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u670d
\n\u52d9\u3002\u5728\u843d\u5be6\u9019\u4e9b\u8cac\u4efb\u6642\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u7522\u751f\uff0c
\n\u5728\u793e\u6703\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u500b\u5225\u75c5\u60a3\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u66f4\u662f
\n\u5982\u6b64\u3002
\n\u96d9\u91cd\u5fe0\u8aa0(Dual loyalty)
\n\u7576 \u91ab \u5e2b \u5c0d \u75c5 \u60a3 \u548c \u7b2c \u4e09 \u65b9 \u90fd \u6709 \u8cac \u4efb \u8207 \u7fa9 \u52d9
\n\uff08 accountable \uff09 \uff0c \u800c \u9019 \u4e9b \u8cac \u4efb \u8207 \u7fa9 \u52d9
\n\uff08accountability\uff0c\u6216\u505a\u300c\u8ab2\u8cac\u6027\u300d\uff09\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f8\u5bb9
\n\u6642\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c31\u6703\u9762\u81e8\u300c\u96d9\u91cd\u5fe0\u8aa0\u300d\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u8981\u6c42\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u6548\u5fe0\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u50f1\u4e3b(\u5982\u91ab\u9662\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u578b
\n\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u7d44\u7e54)\u3001\u4fdd\u96aa\u696d\u3001\u8ecd\u65b9\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u3001\u7344\u65b9\u53ca\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u89aa\u5c6c\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u570b\u969b\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\u4e2d
\n\u8f09\u660e\uff0c\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u5176\u75c5\u60a3\u9808\u5168\u7136\u5fe0\u8aa0\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u901a\u5e38\u5927
\n\u5bb6\u4e5f\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u9084\u662f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8981\u5c07
\n\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u7f6e\u65bc\u75c5\u60a3\u5229
\n\u76ca\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u4f86\u81ea\u7b2c
\n\u4e09\u65b9\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u6642\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u6311
\n\u6230\u4fbf\u5728\u65bc\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4f55\u6642\u61c9\u4fdd
\n\u8b77\u75c5\u60a3\u3001\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u4fdd\u8b77\u75c5
\n\u5728 \u4e00 \u4e9b \u7279 \u5225 \u7684 \u60c5 \u6cc1
\n\u4e0b\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u9808\u5c07
\n\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e4b\u5229\u76ca\u7f6e\u65bc\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u4e4b\u4e0a
\n\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5225\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u9808\u5c07\u4ed6\u4eba
\n\u4e4b\u5229\u76ca\u7f6e\u65bc\u75c5\u60a3\u4e4b\u4e0a
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n71
\n\u60a3\u3002
\n\u96d9\u91cd\u5fe0\u8aa0\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u5b9b\u5982\u4e00\u9053\u5149\u8b5c\uff1a\u6709\u4e9b\u60c5\u5883\u53ef\u80fd\u8981
\n\u4ee5\u793e\u6703\u5229\u76ca\u70ba\u512a\u5148\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u60c5\u5883\u53ef\u80fd\u8981\u4ee5
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u5229\u76ca\u70ba\u512a\u5148\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u5169\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u5927\u7247\u7684
\n\u7070\u8272\u5730\u5e36\uff0c\u65bc\u6b64\u7070\u8272\u5730\u5e36\u4e2d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u7684\u5224\u65b7
\n\u529b\u624d\u80fd\u505a\u51fa\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u3002
\n\u5728\u9019\u5149\u8b5c\u7684\u4e00\u7aef\uff0c\u662f\u5f37\u5236\u8981\u6c42\u91ab\u5e2b\u901a\u5831\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a
\n\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u60a3\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u3001\u4e0d\u9069\u5b9c\u958b\u8eca\u7684
\n\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u6d89\u5acc\u8650\u5f85\u5152\u7ae5\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u75c5
\n\u60a3\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u6beb\u4e0d\u7336\u8c6b\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5\u901a\u5831\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u901a\u5831\u4e4b
\n\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u544a\u77e5\u75c5\u60a3\u6703\u4f5c\u901a\u5831\u3002
\n\u5728\u5149\u8b5c\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7aef\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u8b66\u5bdf\u6216\u662f\u8ecd\u968a\u8981\u6c42\u6216\u547d\u4ee4
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u53c3\u8207\u9055\u53cd\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8650\u5f85\u3002\u5728
\n2007 \u5e74\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u8b74\u8cac\u8650\u5f85\u3001\u6b98\u5fcd\u3001\u4e0d\u4eba\u9053\u6216\u5df2\u77e5
\n\u70ba\u4e0d\u7576\u4e4b\u91ab\u7642\u884c\u70ba\u4e4b\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u6c7a\u8b70\u6587\u300d(Resolution
\non the Responsibility of Physicians in the
\nDenunciation of Acts of Torture or Cruel or Inhuman
\nor Degrading Treatment of which They are Aware)
\n\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5df2\u91dd\u5c0d\u9762\u81e8\u9019\u985e\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u63d0
\n\u51fa\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u65b9\u91dd\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c24\u5176\u5fc5\u9808\u634d\u885b\u5176\u5c08
\n\u696d\u4e4b\u7368\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u5224\u65b7\u5b70
\n\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e26
\n\u61c9\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u9075\u5f9e\u5c0d\u65bc\u4fdd\u5bc6
\n\u53ca\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u502b\u7406
\n\u5982\u679c\u5728\u7167\u6599\u75c5\u60a3\u6642\u9047
\n\u5230 \u4efb \u4f55 \u4e0d \u6b63 \u7576 \u7684 \u5e72
\n\u9810\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u5411\u9069\u7576\u7684
\n\u55ae\u4f4d\u63d0\u51fa\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u5728\u57fa
\n\u672c\u4eba\u6b0a\u906d\u53d7\u4fb5\u5bb3\u6642\u5c24
\n\u61c9\u5982\u6b64
\n\u5982\u679c\u5728\u7167\u6599\u75c5\u60a3\u6642\u9047
\n\u5230 \u4efb \u4f55 \u4e0d \u6b63 \u7576 \u7684 \u5e72
\n\u9810\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u5411\u9069\u7576\u7684
\n\u55ae\u4f4d\u63d0\u51fa\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u5728\u57fa
\n\u672c\u4eba\u6b0a\u906d\u53d7\u4fb5\u5bb3\u6642\u5c24
\n\u61c9\u5982\u6b64
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n72
\n\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5982\u9700\u9055\u53cd\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u6709\u6b63\u7576\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5fc5\u9808\u544a
\n\u77e5\u75c5\u60a3\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5728\u7167\u8b77\u75c5\u60a3\u6642\u9047\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u6b63\u7576\u7684\u5e72
\n\u9810\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u5411\u9069\u7576\u7684\u55ae\u4f4d\u63d0\u51fa\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6b0a
\n\u906d\u53d7\u4fb5\u5bb3\u6642\u5c24\u61c9\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5982\u679c\u63a5\u53d7\u5831\u544a\u7684\u55ae\u4f4d\u6c92\u6709
\n\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f49\u5411\u5168\u570b\u6027\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u6216
\n\u4eba\u6b0a\u7d44\u7e54\u5c0b\u6c42\u5e6b\u52a9\u3002
\n\u5728\u9019\u5149\u8b5c\u7684\u4e2d\u9593\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ba1\u7406\u578b\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77
\n\u8a08\u5283(managed health care program)\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8a08\u5283\u53ef\u80fd\u6703
\n\u9650\u5236\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u81e8\u5e8a\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u81ea\u884c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8a72
\n\u5982\u4f55\u6cbb\u7642\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u4e9b\u8a08\u756b\u672a\u5fc5\u548c\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5229\u76ca\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u9084\u662f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u4ecd\u61c9\u8b39\u614e\u8a55\u4f30\u662f\u5426\u8981\u52a0\u5165\u6b64\u985e\u8a08\u5283\u3002\u82e5\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u5225\u7121\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6c92\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u53ef\u4f9b\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u4fbf\u61c9\u5927\u529b\u7dad\u8b77\uff08advocate\uff09\u5176\u6240\u7167\u8b77\u4e4b\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6b0a
\n\u76ca\uff0c\u4e26\u900f\u904e\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u7dad\u8b77\u6240\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u6b64\u9650\u5236\u6027\u653f\u7b56\u5f71
\n\u97ff\u4e4b\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002
\n\u96d9\u91cd\u5fe0\u8aa0\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u5546\u696d\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u5229
\n\u76ca\u548c\u500b\u5225\u75c5\u60a3\u53ca\/\u6216\u793e\u6703\u5229\u76ca\u9593\u7684\u6f5b\u5728\u6216\u5be6\u969b\u885d
\n\u7a81\u3002\u88fd\u85e5\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u91ab\u7642\u5100\u5668\u88fd\u9020\u5546\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u5546\u696d\u7d44\u7e54
\n\u6642\u5e38\u6703\u9001\u91ab\u5e2b\u79ae\u7269\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u597d\u8655\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u514d\u8cbb\u7684\u6a23
\n\u54c1\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u53c3\u52a0\u6559\u80b2\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e4b\u6a5f\u7968\u548c\u98df\u5bbf\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9084\u6709
\n\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e2d\u591a\u9918\u7684\u5831\u916c
\n(\u8acb\u53c3\u8003\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0)\u3002\u516c\u53f8
\n\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u4efd
\n\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u8aaa\u670d\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u7684\u7522\u54c1\u958b\u5728\u8655\u65b9\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u7ad9\u5728\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u7acb
\n\u5834\uff0c\u6d88\u5f2d\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u8eab\u5229
\n\u76ca\u548c\u75c5\u60a3\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u9593\u7684
\n\u885d\u7a81
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u7ad9\u5728\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u7acb
\n\u5834\uff0c\u6d88\u5f2d\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u8eab\u5229
\n\u76ca\u548c\u75c5\u60a3\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u9593\u7684
\n\u885d\u7a81
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n73
\n\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7522\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u7522\u54c1\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u800c\u8a00\u537b\u672a
\n\u5fc5\u662f\u6700\u9069\u5408\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9084\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981
\n\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u6210\u672c\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u57282009 \u5e74\u4e4b\u300e\u91ab\u5e2b\u548c\u4f01
\n\u696d \u95dc \u4fc2 \u4e4b \u8072 \u660e \u300f (Statement Concerning the
\nRelationship between Physicians and Commercial
\nEnterprises )\u4e2d\u66fe\u91dd\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u63d0\u4f9b\u91ab\u5e2b\u6307\u5c0e\u65b9
\n\u91dd\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u5168\u570b\u6027\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u4e5f\u6709\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6e96\u5247\u3002
\n\u9019\u4e9b\u6e96\u5247\u6240\u4f9d\u64da\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u502b\u7406\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u7ad9
\n\u5728\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u6d88\u5f2d\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u75c5\u60a3\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b
\n\u9593\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u3002
\n\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d
\n\u5305\u62ec\u6700\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u5728\u5167\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u570b\u5728\u300c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5065\u5eb7
\n\u7167\u8b77\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u6e34\u671b\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u63d0\u4f9b\u9019\u4e9b\u670d\u52d9\u6240
\n\u9700\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u53ef\u7372\u5f97\u6027(availability)\u300d\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u5f88
\n\u6df1\u7684\u9d3b\u6e9d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9019\u9d3b\u6e9d\u9084\u6301\u7e8c\u64f4\u5927\u4e2d\u3002\u800c\u6b64\u9d3b\u6e9d
\n\u9020\u6210\u793e\u6703\u5fc5\u9808\u5c0d\u73fe\u6709\u8cc7\u6e90\u9032\u884c\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5206\u914d
\n(rationing)\u3002\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u7684\u5206\u914d(healthcare rationing)\uff0c
\n\u6216\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u5e38\u8aaa\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d(resource allocation)\uff0c\u901a\u5e38
\n\u53ef\u5206\u70ba\u3001\u6216\u767c\u751f\u5728\u4e09\u500b\u5c64\u6b21\u4e2d\uff1a
\n\uf06c \u5728\u6700\u9ad8[\u5de8\u89c0(macro)]\u5c64\u6b21\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5206\u914d\u591a\u5c11\u9810
\n\u7b97\u5728\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u4e0a\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u7d93\u8cbb\u9805\u76ee\u61c9\u8a72
\n\u514d\u8cbb\u63d0\u4f9b\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u9700\u8981\u6536\u8cbb(\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u76f4\u63a5
\n\u5411\u75c5\u60a3\u6536\u53d6\u6b3e\u9805\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5f9e\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u4fdd\u96aa\u8a08\u5283
\n\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97)\u3002\u5728\u91ab\u7642\u4fdd\u5065\u9810\u7b97\u5167\uff0c\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u662f\u8981\u7d66\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u3001\u8b77\u58eb\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u4eba\u54e1\u7684\u5831\u916c\uff0c\u6709\u591a\u5c11
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n74
\n\u8981\u652f\u4ed8\u91ab\u9662\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u8cc7\u672c\u71df\u696d\u652f\u51fa\u3001\u7814\u7a76
\n\u652f\u51fa\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u4e4b\u6559\u80b2\u652f\u51fa\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u591a
\n\u5c11\u8981\u7528\u4f86\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d50\u6838\u75c5\u6216\u611b\u6ecb\u75c5\u7b49\u7279\u6b8a\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u6cbb
\n\u7642\u3002
\n\uf06c \u5728\u6a5f\u69cb[\u4e2d\u968e(meso)]\u5c64\u6b21\u6709\u91ab\u9662\u3001\u8a3a\u6240\u3001\u91ab\u7642\u4fdd
\n\u5065\u6a5f\u69cb\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u76f8\u95dc\u55ae\u4f4d\u8981\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ec0\u9ebc\u670d
\n\u52d9\uff0c\u5728\u54e1\u5de5\u3001\u8a2d\u5099\u3001\u4fdd\u5168\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u71df\u696d\u652f\u51fa\u65b9\u9762
\n\u53c8\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u5206\u914d\u6b3e\u9805\u3002
\n\uf06c \u5728\u500b\u5225\u75c5\u60a3[\u5fae\u89c0(micro)]\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0a\uff0c\u91ab\u7642\u4fdd\u5065\u63d0\u4f9b
\n\u8005\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u8981\u6c7a\u5b9a\u61c9\u8a72\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u5b89\u6392\u4f55\u7a2e
\n\u6aa2\u9a57\u3001\u662f\u5426\u8981\u5c07\u75c5\u60a3\u8f49\u7d66\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u91ab\u5e2b\u3001\u75c5\u60a3\u662f
\n\u5426\u9700\u8981\u4f4f\u9662\u3001\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u539f\u5ee0\u7684\u85e5\u800c\u975e\u672c\u5730\u5ee0\u7684
\n\u85e5\u2026\u2026\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u4f30\u8a08\u91ab\u5e2b\u9700\u5c0d80%\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u4fdd\u5065
\n\u652f\u51fa\u8ca0\u8cac\uff0c\u59d1\u4e14\u4e0d\u8ad6\u65e5\u76ca\u8301\u58ef\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5f0f\u7167\u8b77\u5236
\n\u5ea6\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u75c5\u60a3\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u4f55\u7a2e\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u5177
\n\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u3002
\n\u7531\u65bc\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u5c64\u7d1a\u4e2d\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u50f9\u503c\u70ba\u57fa
\n\u790e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c0d\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u548c\u793e\u5340\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u798f\u7949\u6709\u8457\u6975\u5927
\n\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u5c64\u6b21\u4e2d\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b
\n\u8981\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6210\u4efd\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u6bcf\u500b\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u90fd\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u5230
\n\u500b\u5225\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u300c\u5fae\u89c0\u5c64\u6b21\u300d\u4e0a\uff0c\u500b\u5225\u91ab\u5e2b\u9084
\n\u662f\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u6703\u662f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n75
\n\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u4e4b\u524d\u63d0\u904e\u7684\uff0c\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u5927\u5bb6\u6703\u671f\u5f85\u91ab\u5e2b\u5f9e
\n\u81ea\u5df1\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8003\u616e\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u9700
\n\u6c42\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u502b\u7406\u50f9\u503c\u2014\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u81ea\u4e3b
\n\u2014\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u670d\u52d9\u81ea\u5df1\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u300c\u91ab\u7642\u7236
\n\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u904e\u6e21\u5230\u300c\u75c5\u60a3\u81ea\u4e3b\u300d\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u500b\u9ad4\u5316
\n\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4ecd\u7136\u88ab\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u5728\u300c\u75c5\u60a3\u81ea\u4e3b\u300d
\n\u6210\u70ba\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u8b93\u500b\u5225\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u610f\u9858\uff0c\u6210\u70ba
\n\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u7372\u5f97\u4f55\u7a2e\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5224\u6e96\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u7136\u800c
\n\u6700\u8fd1\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u2014\u6b63\u7fa9\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u8b8a\u6210\u91ab\u7642\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e2d
\n\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5c07\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u653e
\n\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u793e\u6703\u5316\u7684\u9032\u8def(approach)\uff0c\u5c07\u5176\u4ed6\u75c5\u60a3\u7684
\n\u9700\u6c42\u4e5f\u7d0d\u5165\u8003\u91cf\u3002\u6839\u64da
\n\u9019\u500b\u9032\u8def\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e0d\u53ea\u8981
\n\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u8ca0\u8cac\uff0c\u67d0
\n\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u8981\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4eba\u8ca0
\n\u8cac\u3002
\n\u8a31\u591a\u5168\u570b\u6027\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728
\n\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u4e0a\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u65b0\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5728\u300c\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u6b0a\u5229\u5ba3\u8a00\u300d\u4e2d\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u6709\u4e9b\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\uff0c\u67d0\u7279\u5b9a\u7684
\n\u7642\u6cd5\u53ea\u80fd\u4f5c\u6709\u9650\u63d0\u4f9b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u53ef\u80fd\u9069\u7528\u7684\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u4e2d\u9078\u51fa\u53d7\u60e0\u8005\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u76ca\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u90fd
\n\u61c9\u8a72\u63a5\u53d7\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u6311\u9078\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u8a72\u9078\u64c7\u9808\u4ee5\u91ab\u7642\u5224\u6e96
\n\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4e0d\u61c9\u5e36\u6709\u6b67\u8996\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u5c65\u884c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u8cc7\u6e90\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u8cac
\n\u4efb\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u907f\u514d\u6d6a\u8cbb\u53ca\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6548\u7387\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f
\n\u9019\u662f\u75c5\u60a3\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u904e\u5ea6\u4f7f\u7528\u6297\u751f\u7d20\u5c31\u662f
\n\u2026\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e0d\u53ea\u8981\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1
\n\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u8ca0\u8cac\uff0c\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b
\n\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u8981\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4eba\u8ca0\u8cac
\n\u2026\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e0d\u53ea\u8981\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1
\n\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u8ca0\u8cac\uff0c\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b
\n\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u8981\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4eba\u8ca0\u8cac
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n76
\n\u6d6a\u8cbb\u4e14\u6709\u5bb3\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u5176\u5b83\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u6cbb
\n\u7642\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u81e8\u5e8a\u8a66\u9a57\u4e2d\u4e5f\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6548
\n\u679c\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u91ab\u7642\u72c0\u6cc1\u5176\u5be6\u90fd\u6709\u81e8\u5e8a\u91ab\u7642\u6e96\u5247\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c3
\n\u8003\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6e96\u5247\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5206
\n\u8fa8\u6709\u6548\u548c\u7121\u6548\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u719f\u6089\u9019\u4e9b\u6307
\n\u5c0e\u65b9\u91dd\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u4e0d\u4f46
\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u7bc0\u7d04\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5
\n\u70ba \u75c5 \u60a3 \u63d0 \u4f9b \u6700 \u597d \u7684 \u6cbb
\n\u7642\u3002
\n\u7576\u5169\u500b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u540c\u4e00\u7a2e\u7a00\u6709\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u6642\uff0c
\n\u91ab\u751f\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u505a\u51fa\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u5305\u62ec
\n\u6025\u6551\u4eba\u54e1\u7684\u7167\u9867\u3001\u552f\u4e00\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u52a0\u8b77\u75c5\u5e8a\u4f4d\u3001\u5668\u5b98
\n\u79fb\u690d\u3001\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u653e\u5c04\u7dda\u6aa2\u9a57\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u67d0\u4e9b\u5f88\u6602\u8cb4\u7684\u85e5
\n\u54c1\u3002\u63a7\u7ba1\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u5fc5\u9808\u6c7a\u5b9a\u54ea\u4e9b\u75c5\u60a3\u53ef\u4ee5
\n\u53d6\u5f97\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u54ea\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e0d\u884c\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u8981\u5145\u5206\u77ad
\n\u89e3\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c92\u6709\u7372\u5f97\u8a72\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u56e0\u6b64\u53d7\u82e6\uff0c
\n\u751a\u81f3\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002
\n\u6709\u4e9b\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u5206\u914d\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u6642\u5019\u9084\u6703\u9762\u5c0d\u53e6\u4e00\u9805\u885d
\n\u7a81\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u53c3\u8207\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u80fd\u5920\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u885d\u7a81\u5e38\u767c\u751f\u5728\u91ab\u5e2b\u64d4\u4efb\u884c\u653f\u8077\u4f4d
\n\u7684\u91ab\u9662\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e2d\uff0c\u7576\u91ab\u5e2b\u65bc\u5efa\u8b70\u6216\u6c7a\u5b9a\u653f\u7b56
\n\u7684\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u4e2d\u670d\u52d9\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e5f\u6703\u767c\u751f\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5f88
\n\u591a\u91ab\u5e2b\u90fd\u6703\u8a66\u5716\u4e0d\u56e0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u800c\u6539\u8b8a\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4f46
\n\u4e5f\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5229\u7528\u5176\u8077\u4f4d\uff0c\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u4e8b\u653e
\n\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f
\n\u4f86\u5c65\u884c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u8cc7\u6e90\u914d
\n\u7f6e\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u907f\u514d
\n\u6d6a\u8cbb\u53ca\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6548\u7387\u7684\u91ab
\n\u7642\u884c\u70ba
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f
\n\u4f86\u5c65\u884c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u8cc7\u6e90\u914d
\n\u7f6e\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u907f\u514d
\n\u6d6a\u8cbb\u53ca\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6548\u7387\u7684\u91ab
\n\u7642\u884c\u70ba
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n77
\n\u5728\u8655\u7406\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u6642\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e0d\u50c5\u8981\u5728\u540c
\n\u7406\u5fc3\u548c\u6b63\u7fa9\u4e4b\u9593\u53d6\u5f97\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u61c9\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8a72\u7528\u54ea
\n\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u9054\u5230\u6b63\u7fa9\u3002\u9054\u5230\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7a2e\uff0c\u5305
\n\u62ec\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u9805\uff1a
\n\uf06c \u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f0f (LIBERTARIAN) \u2014\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u61c9\u4f9d\u64da
\n\u5e02\u5834\u539f\u5247\u904b\u4f5c\uff08\u500b\u4eba\u9078\u64c7\u53d7\u9650\u65bc\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u4ed8\u51fa\u4ee3
\n\u50f9 \u7684 \u610f \u9858 \uff0c \u5c0d \u65bc \u8ca7 \u56f0 \u8005 \u7d66 \u4e88 \u6709 \u9650 \u7684 \u6148 \u5584 \u95dc
\n\u61f7\uff09\u3002
\n\uf06c \u6548\u76ca\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f0f (UTILITARIAN) \u2014\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u4ee5\u5168\u9ad4
\n\u4eba\u54e1\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u70ba\u4f9d\u64da\u3002
\n\uf06c \u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f0f (EGALITARIAN) \u2014\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u50c5\u4ee5\u5be6
\n\u969b\u6240\u9700\u70ba\u4f9d\u64da\u3002
\n\uf06c \u88dc\u511f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f0f (RESTORATIVE) \u2014\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u4e43\u70ba\u4e86
\n\u88dc\u511f\u904e\u53bb\u8655\u65bc\u8f03\u4e0d\u5229\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4eba
\n\u8aa0\u5982\u4e0a\u8ff0\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5df2\u7d93\u6f38\u6f38
\n\u5f9e\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4e2d\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u500b\u4eba
\n\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08\u8f03\u504f\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8655
\n\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\uff09\uff0c\u8f49\u5411\u6bd4\u8f03\u5177\u6709
\n\u793e\u6703\u6027\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u53d6\u5f97\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u9867\u8072
\n\u660e\u4e2d\u8868\u793a\u300c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u9700\u8981\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u9867\u8005\u5747\u4e0d\u5f97\u56e0\u70ba\u7121
\n\u529b\u8ca0\u64d4\u8cbb\u7528\u800c\u88ab\u62d2\u7d55\u91ab\u7642\u3002\u793e\u6703\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u9700
\n\u8981\u8005\u5408\u7406\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u88dc\u8cbc\uff0c\u800c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u5728\u5408\u7406\u7a0b\u5ea6
\n\u5167\u63d0\u4f9b\u6b64\u985e\u88dc\u8cbc\u5f0f\u7167\u9867\u300d\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8655\u7406
\n\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8005\u5c0d\u65bc\u53e6\u5916
\n\u4e09\u7a2e\u8655\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f55\u8005\u70ba\u512a\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u770b\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4e00\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u662f
\n\u9078\u64c7\u2026\u7aef\u8cf4\u91ab\u5e2b\u500b\u4eba
\n\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u53ca\u5176\u884c\u91ab\u7684\u793e
\n\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u74b0\u5883\u800c\u5b9a
\n\u9078\u64c7\u2026\u7aef\u8cf4\u91ab\u5e2b\u500b\u4eba
\n\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u53ca\u5176\u884c\u91ab\u7684\u793e
\n\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u74b0\u5883\u800c\u5b9a
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n78
\n\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8981\u5b89\u6392\u4f55\u7a2e\u6aa2\u9a57\u3001\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u8f49\u4ecb\u7d66\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u3001\u75c5\u60a3\u662f\u5426\u9700\u4f4f\u9662\u3001\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u5403\u539f\u5ee0\u7684\u85e5\uff0c\u9084
\n\u662f\u672c\u5730\u5ee0\u7684\u5c31\u597d\u3001\u6216\u662f\u8ab0\u53ef\u7372\u5f97\u53ef\u4f9b\u79fb\u690d\u7684\u5668
\n\u5b98\uff0c\u5728\u5c07\u5404\u7a2e\u8655\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u8b70\u984c\u6642\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00
\n\u7a2e\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u5730\u90fd\u4e0d\u6703\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u6548\u76ca\u4e3b\u7fa9
\n\u7684\u8655\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c0d\u500b\u5225\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u884c\u91ab\u4e0a\u61c9\u8a72\u7b97\u662f\u6700\u56f0\u96e3
\n\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6b64\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u7576\u591a\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u77e5\u9053
\n\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u6cd5\u6240\u53ef\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u70ba\u4f55\uff0c\u800c\u4e14
\n\u4e0d\u53ea\u8981\u8003\u616e\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7d50\u679c\uff0c
\n\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u8003\u616e\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7d50
\n\u679c\u3002\u5728\u6548\u76ca\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6703\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5169\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f (\u5982\u679c
\n\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5167\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u4e09\u7a2e)\u4e4b\u4e2d\u9078\u64c7\u54ea
\n\u4e00\u7a2e\uff0c\u5247\u7aef\u8cf4\u91ab\u5e2b\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u53ca\u5176\u884c\u91ab\u7684\u793e\u6703\u653f
\n\u6cbb\u74b0\u5883\u800c\u5b9a\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u6bd4\u8f03\u504f\u597d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8655
\n\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7f8e\u570b\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u5247\u662f\u4ee5\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u7fa9
\n\u51fa\u540d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u745e\u5178\uff1b\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u50be\u5411\u88dc\u511f\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c
\n\u4f8b\u5982\u5357\u975e\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u91ab\u7642\u898f\u5283\u8005\u90fd\u5021\u5c0e\u6548\u76ca\u4e3b
\n\u7fa9\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u5e7e\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u4e92\u6709\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5404
\n\u570b\u91ab\u7642\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u898b\u5230\u5169\u7a2e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u6982
\n\u5ff5\u4e26\u5b58\uff1b\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u9078\u64c7\u7b26\u5408\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u57f7\u696d\u5834\u5408(\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u516c\u7acb\u6216\u79c1\u4eba\u6a5f\u69cb)\u3002
\n\u7121\u8ad6\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u4fdd\u5065\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u4e0a\u626e\u6f14\u4f55\u7a2e
\n\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5728\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0d\u6577
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u4e5f\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u4fc3\u4f7f\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u6e90
\n\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5de5\u4f5c\u901a\u5e38\u9700
\n\u8981\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u5404\u500b\u5c08\u696d\u91ab\u5b78
\n\u5728\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0d\u6577\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6709
\n\u8cac\u4efb\u4fc3\u4f7f\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u6e90\u589e
\n\u52a0
\n\u5728\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0d\u6577\u75c5\u60a3\u6240
\n\u9700\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6709\u8cac\u4efb
\n\u4fc3\u4f7f\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u6e90\u589e\u52a0
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n79
\n\u6703\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u597d\u8aaa\u670d\u653f\u5e9c\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u8005
\n\u76f8\u4fe1\uff1a\u78ba\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u9019\u4e9b\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u4f55\u65b9\u5f0f\u6700\u80fd\u4fc3
\n\u9032\u5176\u570b\u5bb6\u53ca\u5168\u7403\u6eff\u8db3\u9019\u4e9b\u9700\u6c42\u3002
\n\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f(Public health)
\n\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u898b\u8b49\u4e86\u300c\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u300d\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u300c\u79c1
\n\u4eba\u300d\u6216\u300c\u500b\u4eba\u300d\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u9593\u7684\u4e0d\u5e78\u5206\u88c2\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5
\n\u6703\u8aaa\u300c\u4e0d\u5e78\u300d\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u524d\u9762\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff1a\u516c\u773e\u539f\u672c\u4fbf\u662f
\n\u7531\u500b\u4eba\u6240\u7d44\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u7528\u4f86\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e26\u63d0\u5347\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u7684
\n\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u4e5f\u5c07\u589e\u9032\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728
\n\u300c\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u300d\u548c\u300c\u500b\u4eba\u5065\u5eb7\u300d\u4e4b\u9593\u4e0d\u61c9\u5b58\u5728\u65b7
\n\u88c2\u3002
\n\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u82e5\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u300c\u516c\u5bb6\u8d0a\u52a9\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u7167
\n\u8b77\u300d(\u610f\u601d\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u7684\u8cc7\u91d1\u4f86\u81ea\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7a05\u52d9
\n\u7cfb\u7d71\u6216\u662f\u5f37\u5236\u6027\u7684\u5168\u6c11\u4fdd\u96aa\u5236\u5ea6)\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u8207
\n\u300c\u79c1\u4eba\u8d0a\u52a9\u4e4b\u91ab\u7642\u4fdd\u5065\u300d(\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u8cbb\u7528\u662f
\n\u7531\u500b\u4eba\u6216\u662f\u900f\u904e\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u4fdd\u96aa\u516c\u53f8\u7d66\u4ed8\uff0c\u4e14\u901a
\n\u5e38\u4e0d\u666e\u53ca\u65bc\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba)\u5c0d\u7acb\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bb9\u6613\u7522\u751f\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002
\n\u672c\u6587\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u300d\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5927\u773e\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c
\n\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f9e\u5927\u773e\u800c\u975e\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u5065\u5eb7\u4e8b\u52d9\u7684\u91ab
\n\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5f88\u591a\u9019\u500b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5c08
\n\u624d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5efa\u8b70\u4e26\u63d0\u5021\u589e\u9032\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e26\u4fdd\u8b77\u516c\u773e
\n\u514d\u65bc\u50b3\u67d3\u75c5\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u5371\u5bb3\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u6709
\n\u6642\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u91ab\u5b78\u300d\u6216\u662f\u300c\u793e\u5340\u91ab\u5b78\u300d\uff0c
\n\u5b83\u5728\u5be6\u52d9\u4e0a\u5341\u5206\u4ef0\u8cf4\u6d41 \u884c \u75c5 \u5b78 (epidemiology)\u7684
\n\u79d1\u5b78\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b78\u5247\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u53e3\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u4e4b
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n80
\n\u5206\u4f48\u53ca\u5176\u6c7a\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5b78\u79d1\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u53bb\u63a5\u53d7\u9032
\n\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u91ab\u5b78\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c
\n\u6240\u6709\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u90fd\u61c9\u7559\u610f\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u4ed6\u5011\u75c5\u60a3\u5065\u5eb7\u72c0\u614b\u7684
\n\u793e\u6703\u8207\u74b0\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5728\u5176\u300c\u5065\u5eb7\u4fc3\u9032\u8072
\n\u660e \u300d (Statement on Health Promotion) \u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\uff1a
\n\u300c\u91ab\u7642\u5f9e\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u53ca\u5176\u5c08\u696d\u5b78\u6703\u6709\u502b\u7406\u7fa9\u52d9\u8207\u5c08\u696d
\n\u8cac\u4efb\u6c38\u9060\u4f9d\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5728\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5730\u95dc
\n\u61f7\u4e26\u5f9e\u4e8b\u4fc3\u9032\u3001\u78ba\u4fdd\u516c\u773e\u5065\u5eb7\u4e8b\u52d9\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u878d
\n\u5408\u524d\u9805\u7fa9\u52d9\u3002\u300d
\n\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff08\u5982\u9810\u9632\u6ce8\u5c04\u7684\u5ba3\u5c0e\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u5df2\u7206
\n\u767c\u4e4b\u50b3\u67d3\u75c5\u7684\u7dca\u6025\u61c9\u8b8a\uff09\u662f\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u5065\u5eb7\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981
\n\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4f46\u793e\u6703\u56e0\u7d20\u5982\u5c45\u4f4f\u554f\u984c\u3001\u71df\u990a\u53ca\u5c31\u696d\u4e5f
\n\u540c\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u91ab\u5e2b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u8f49\u4ecb\u5230\u63d0
\n\u4f9b\u793e\u6703\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u55ae\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u91ab\u5e2b\u5f88\u5c11\u80fd\u5c0d\u9020\u6210\u75c5\u60a3\u751f
\n\u75c5\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6210\u56e0\u9032\u884c\u6cbb\u7642\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c31
\n\u7b97\u662f\u900f\u904e\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c
\n\u7684\u9577\u671f\u6027\u65b9\u6848\u4f5c\u51fa\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53c3\u52a0\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u53ca\u885b
\n\u751f\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u89c0\u5bdf\u4e26\u5831\u544a\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u3001\u627e\u51fa
\n\u4e26 \u516c \u958b \u4e0d \u5229 \u5065 \u5eb7 \u7684 \u793e \u6703 \u554f \u984c \uff08 \u5982 \u8650 \u5f85 \u548c \u66b4 \u529b
\n\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc3\u9032\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u670d\u52d9\u4e4b\u6539\u9032\u3002
\n\u6709\u6642\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6703\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u4f8b
\n\u5982\u67d0\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u826f\u53cd
\n\u61c9\u7684\u75ab\u82d7\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u500b\u4eba
\n\u50b3\u64ad\u67d0\u7a2e\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u4e0d
\n\u80fd\u9632\u6b62\u4ed6\u5011\u7f79\u60a3\u8a72\u75c5\uff1b
\n\u901a \u5831 \u7279 \u5b9a \u50b3 \u67d3 \u75c5 \u3001 \u8650
\n\u6240\u6709\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u90fd\u61c9\u7559\u610f
\n\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u4ed6\u5011\u75c5\u60a3\u5065\u5eb7
\n\u72c0\u614b\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8207\u74b0\u5883\u56e0
\n\u7d20
\n\u6240\u6709\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u90fd\u61c9\u7559\u610f\u6703
\n\u5f71\u97ff\u4ed6\u5011\u75c5\u60a3\u5065\u5eb7\u72c0\u614b
\n\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8207\u74b0\u5883\u56e0\u7d20
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n81
\n\u7ae5\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u8001\u4eba\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff1b\u6216\u662f\u5728\u500b\u4eba\u75be\u75c5\u4f7f\u5176\u958b\u8eca\u6216
\n\u99d5\u99db\u98db\u6a5f\u7b49\u6d3b\u52d5\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u6216\u4ed6\u4eba\u5371\u96aa\u6642\u9032\u884c
\n\u901a\u5831\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u96d9\u91cd\u5fe0\u8aa0\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b
\n\u60c5\u6cc1\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u72c0\u6cc1\u7684\u8655\u7406\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u5df2\u5728\u672c\u624b\u518a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0
\n\u6709\u95dc\u300c\u4fdd\u5bc6\u539f\u5247\u300d\u7684\u6bb5\u843d\u4e2d\u4e88\u4ee5\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u4f86
\n\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u914d\u5408\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u8b93\u500b\u5225\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u906d\u53d7\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c31\u61c9\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u627e\u51fa\u80fd\u5c07\u50b7\u5bb3\u964d\u5230
\n\u6700\u4f4e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7576\u9700\u8981\u901a\u5831\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u767c\u751f\u6642\uff0c
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u5728\u80fd\u6eff\u8db3\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\uff0c\u8b93\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u96b1
\n\u79c1\u5f97\u5230\u6700\u5927\u4fdd\u969c\u3002
\n\u7576\u91ab\u5e2b\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u5354\u52a9\u75c5\u60a3\u53d6\u5f97\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u8a72\u6709\u7684\u5229
\n\u76ca\u6642\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4fdd\u96aa\u7d66\u4ed8\u6216\u662f\u75c5\u5047\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u7522\u751f\u500b\u5225
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u5229\u76ca\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u88ab\u8ce6\u8207\u6b0a\u5a01\uff0c
\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b49\u660e\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u72c0\u6cc1\u662f\u5426\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u8cc7\u683c\u5f97\u5230
\n\u7279\u5b9a\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u4e9b\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u75c5\u60a3\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u5011\u958b\u7acb\u4e0d
\n\u7b26\u5408\u5be6\u969b\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e4b\u8b49\u660e\u6642\uff0c\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u62d2\u7d55\u4ed6\u5011\uff1b\u4f46\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u9084\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\u5728\u4e0d\u9055\u80cc\u502b\u7406\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u9019\u4e9b\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u53bb\u5c0b\u6c42\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5354\u52a9\u3002
\n\u5168\u7403\u5065\u5eb7(Global health)
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u5176\u6240\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8ca0\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u9019\u9805\u8a8d\u77e5\uff0c\u6700
\n\u8fd1\u5e7e\u5e74\u5df2\u7d93\u63d0\u5347\u70ba\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u5168\u7403\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u3002\u300c\u5168
\n\u7403\u5065\u5eb7\u300d\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u662f\uff1a\u8d85\u8d8a\u570b\u754c\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7
\n\u5230\u4ed6\u570b\u74b0\u5883\u548c\u7d93\u9a57\u4e4b\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4e26\u8a66\u5716\u4ee5\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u884c\u52d5
\n\u548c\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u4e4b\u5065\u5eb7\u554f\u984c\u3001\u8b70\u984c\u53ca\u95dc\u61f7\u3002\u5168
\n\u7403\u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5316\u6d3b\u52d5(globalization)\u7684\u4e00\u90e8
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n82
\n\u4efd\uff0c\u800c\u5168\u7403\u5316\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u4ea4\u63db\u3001\u5546\u696d\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001
\n\u89c0\u5149\u548c\u5f88\u591a\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002
\n\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e43\u662f\u627f\u8a8d
\n\u500b\u4eba\u548c\u793e\u6703\u4e4b\u9593\u6709\u8457\u6301
\n\u7e8c \u589e \u52a0 \u7684 \u76f8 \u4e92 \u4f9d \u8cf4 \u95dc
\n\u4fc2\u3002\u9019\u9ede\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u7531
\n\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u52a0\u4ee5\u8b49\u660e\uff0c
\n\u6d41\u884c\u6027\u611f\u5192\u53caSARS\u7b49\u75be
\n\u75c5\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u50b3\u64ad\u7686\u70ba\u660e\u8b49\u3002\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u50b3\u67d3\u75c5\uff0c\u5fc5\u9700
\n\u8981\u63a1\u53d6\u570b\u969b\u884c\u52d5\u624d\u80fd\u52a0\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u67d0\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684
\n\u67d0\u500b\u91ab\u5e2b\u7121\u6cd5\u8fa8\u8b58\u4e26\u6cbb\u7642\u5177\u9ad8\u5ea6\u50b3\u67d3\u6027\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c
\n\u5176\u5b83\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u4fbf\u6703\u56e0\u6b64\u906d\u6b83\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u502b
\n\u7406\u7fa9\u52d9\u4e0d\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9084\u9060\u9060\u8d85
\n\u904e\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u793e\u5340\u53ca\u570b\u5bb6\u3002
\n\u5168\u7403\u5065\u5eb7\u8996\u91ce\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u8b93\u4e16\u754c\u9010\u6f38\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u5404\u5730\u7684
\n\u5065\u5eb7\u5dee\u7570\u6709\u591a\u5927\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u6700\u8ca7\u7aae\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5df2\u6709\u5927\u898f
\n\u6a21\u5c0d\u6297\u592d\u6298(premature mortality)\u548c\u964d\u4f4e\u7f79\u75c5\u7387\u7684\u884c
\n\u52d5\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e5f\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6d88\u6ec5\u5929\u82b1\uff0c\u4f46
\n\u662f\u9ad8\u6240\u5f97\u548c\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u8655\u5883\u5dee\u8ddd\u4ecd\u7136
\n\u4e0d\u65b7\u64f4\u5927\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u90e8\u4efd\u539f\u56e0\u662fHIV\/AIDS(\u611b\u6ecb\u75c5)\u5f71\u97ff
\n\u8ca7\u7aae\u570b\u5bb6\u751a\u5de8\uff0c\u800c\u8a31\u591a\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u570b\u5bb6\u7121\u6cd5\u81ea\u5168\u4e16\u754c
\n\u6578\u5341\u5e74\u4f86\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u8ca1\u5bcc\u4e2d\u7372\u76ca\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u96d6
\n\u7136\u9020\u6210\u8ca7\u7aae\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u53ca\u5176\u5b78\u6703\u529b\u6240\u80fd\u53ca\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u91ab\u5e2b\u9084\u662f\u5fc5\u9808\u8655\u7406\u56e0\u70ba
\n\u8ca7\u7aae\u800c\u7522\u751f\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u3002\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u80fd\u5920\u63d0\u4f9b
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u5f88\u5c11\uff0c\u5e38\u9700\u9762\u5c0d\u5982\u4f55\u516c\u5e73\u5206\u914d\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7
\n\u53ea\u8981\u67d0\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u67d0\u500b
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u7121\u6cd5\u8fa8\u8b58\u4e26\u6cbb\u7642
\n\u5177 \u9ad8 \u5ea6 \u50b3 \u67d3 \u6027 \u7684 \u75be
\n\u75c5\uff0c\u5176\u5b83\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u4fbf\u6703\u56e0\u6b64\u906d\u6b83
\n\u53ea\u8981\u67d0\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u67d0\u500b
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u7121\u6cd5\u8fa8\u8b58\u4e26\u6cbb\u7642
\n\u5177\u9ad8\u5ea6\u50b3\u67d3\u6027\u7684\u75be\u75c5\uff0c
\n\u5176\u5b83\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u4fbf\u6703
\n\u56e0\u6b64\u906d\u6b83
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n83
\n\u6e90\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u4f46\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u9ad8\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e5f
\n\u6703\u9047\u5230\u53d7\u5168\u7403\u5316\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u96e3\u6c11\uff09\uff0c
\n\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u7121\u6cd5\u53d6\u5f97\u8a72\u570b\u516c\u6c11\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u7684
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u3002
\n\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u8272\u662f\u5065\u5eb7\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\uff08\u542b\u91ab\u5e2b\uff09
\n\u5728\u570b\u969b\u9593\u7684\u6d41\u52d5\u3002\u958b\u767c\u4e2d\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u9077\u79fb\u5230\u9ad8\u5ea6
\n\u5de5\u696d\u5316\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u548c\u9077\u5165\u570b\u90fd\u6709\u597d\u8655\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u65bc
\n\u9077\u51fa\u570b\u5247\u4e0d\u7136\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5728\u5176\u91ab\u7642\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u570b\u969b
\n\u9077 \u5f99 \u502b \u7406 \u6e96 \u5247 Ethical Guidelines for the
\nInternational Migration of Health Workers\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\uff0c
\n\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u963b\u6b62\u91ab\u5e2b\u96e2\u958b\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5bb6\u9109\u6216\u5176\u6240\u5165\u7c4d\u7684\u570b
\n\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u524d\u5f80\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e8b\u696d\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c
\n\u6bcf\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u9084\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\u5728\u8003\u616e\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e4b
\n\u5f8c\uff0c\u5118\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u57f9\u80b2\u51fa\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8981\u53ea\u9760\u5176
\n\u4ed6\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u4f86\u6eff\u8db3\u81ea\u8eab\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002
\n\u5de5\u696d\u5316\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u9577\u4e45\u4ee5\u4f86\u4e00\u76f4\u5c07\u7d93\u9a57\u548c\u6280\u8853\u63d0
\n\u4f9b\u7d66\u958b\u767c\u4e2d\u570b\u5bb6\u3002\u9019\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u7531\u7d05\u5341
\n\u5b57\u6703\u3001\u7d05\u65b0\u6708\u6703\uff08Red Crescent Societies\uff09\u53ca\u7121\u570b\u754c
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u5718\uff08M\u00e9decins sans Fronti\u00e8res\uff09\u7b49\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u7dca\u6025
\n\u91ab\u7642\u5354\u52a9\uff1b\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u5916\u79d1\u5de1\u8ff4\u91ab\u7642\uff08\u8655\u7406\u5982\u767d\u5167\u969c
\n\u6216\u662f\u5507\u984e\u88c2\u7b49\uff09\uff1b\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u6559\u5e2b\u7684\u5ba2\u5ea7\u53c3\u8a2a\uff1b\u77ed\u671f
\n\u6216\u9577\u671f\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u5283\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u63d0\u4f9b\u91ab\u85e5\u53ca\u91ab\u7642\u5668
\n\u6750\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u70ba\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u6b63\u9762\u4f5c\u7528\u505a\u51fa\u4e86
\n\u826f\u597d\u793a\u7bc4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u81f3\u5c11\u90e8\u4efd\u5f4c\u88dc\u4e86\u8ca7\u7aae\u570b\u5bb6\u91ab\u5e2b\u79fb
\n\u5c45\u5bcc\u88d5\u570b\u5bb6\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u907a\u61be\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n84
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u74b0\u5883
\n\u74b0\u5883\u60e1\u5316\u662f\u6215\u5bb3\u516c\u5171\u885b\u751f\u8207\u5168\u7403\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u5a01
\n\u8105\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u57282006\u5e74\u300e\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u74b0\u5883\u8b70\u984c\u4e2d\u626e
\n\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u4e4b\u8072\u660e\u300f(Statement on the Role of Physicians
\nin Environmental Issues )\u4e2d\u660e\u767d\u6307\u51fa\u300e\u6709\u6548\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u6108
\n\u4f86\u6108\u9700\u8981\u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u5176\u6240\u5c6c\u5c08\u696d\u5718\u9ad4\u5c07\u95dc\u6ce8\u6295\u5411\u8db3\u4ee5
\n\u5f71\u97ff\u500b\u4eba\u8207\u4eba\u7fa4\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u8b70\u984c\u4e0a\u9762\u3002\u300f\u9019\u4e9b\u8b70
\n\u984c\u5305\u62ec\u7a7a\u6c23\u3001\u6c34\u8207\u571f\u58e4\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u4e0d\u9593\u65b7\u7684\u780d\u4f10\u6797\u6728
\n\u8207\u6f01\u6488\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6d88\u8cbb\u7528\u54c1\u4e2d\u5ee3\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6709\u5bb3\u5316\u5b78\u7269
\n\u8cea\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c0d\u5065\u5eb7\u5f71\u97ff\u6700\u751a\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u8b70\u984c\u61c9\u5c6c\u6c23\u5019
\n\u8b8a\u9077\u30022009\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5728\u300e\u5065\u5eb7\u8207\u6c23\u5019\u8b8a\u9077\u5ba3
\n\u8a00 \u300f (Declaration of Delhi on Health and Climate
\nChange)\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u300e\u6c23\u5019\u8b8a\u9077\u4f7f\u5168\u7403\u75be\u75c5\u8ca0\u8377\u8207\u65e9\u6b7b
\n\u5347\u9ad8\u2026\u521d\u671f\u5f71\u97ff\u96d6\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f46\u9810\u8a08\u5728\u6240\u6709\u570b\u5bb6\u548c\u5340\u57df
\n\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u5c07\u65e5\u76ca\u56b4\u91cd\u3002\u300f\u9019\u4efd\u5ba3\u8a00\u9f13\u52f5\u500b\u5225\u91ab\u5e2b\u8207
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u5718\u9ad4\u6559\u80b2\u75c5\u60a3\u8207\u793e\u5340\u6709\u95dc\u5168\u7403\u6696\u5316\u5c0d\u5065\u5eb7\u7684
\n\u6f5b\u5728\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4e26\u904a\u8aaa\u653f\u5e9c\u8207\u7522\u696d\u5927\u9f4a\u529b\u5e45\u6e1b\u5c11\u6392\u78b3
\n\u91cf\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u6703\u52a0\u901f\u6c23\u5019\u8b8a\u9077\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n85
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u56de\u9867
\n\u4f9d\u64da\u672c\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5c0d\u65bc\u91ab\u5e2b\u548c\u793e\u6703\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c
\nS \u91ab\u5e2b\u8003\u616e\u5230\u5176\u75c5\u60a3\u884c\u70ba\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u97ff
\n\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u75c5\u60a3\u662f\u5728 S \u91ab\u5e2b\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u7cfb
\n\u7d71\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u770b\u904e\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u751f\uff0c\u5c0d S \u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u793e\u6703
\n\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u589e\u52a0\u4efb\u4f55\u8ca1\u52d9\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6b64\u75c5\u60a3\u9084\u662f\u4f54
\n\u4e86 S \u91ab\u5e2b\u53ef\u4ee5\u6cbb\u7642\u5176\u4ed6\u9700\u8981\u5979\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6642\u9593\u3002
\n\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u50cf S \u9019\u6a23\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u8655\u7406\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u6642\u4e00
\n\u5b9a\u8981\u8b39\u614e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u5e38\u56e0\u8af8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u7531\u800c\u7121
\n\u6cd5\u4f5c\u51fa\u5b8c\u5168\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u5f88\u591a\u7684
\n\u6642\u9593\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u77ad\u89e3\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u5927
\n\u5229\u76ca\u4f55\u5728\u3002S \u91ab\u5e2b\u900f\u904e\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u4f86\u5c0b\u627e\u4e00\u7a2e\u89e3\u6c7a
\n\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e4b\u793e\u6703\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u9014\u5f91\u4e5f\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u70ba
\n\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u53ea\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u5979\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u8a72\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c
\n\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u5c07\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5e2b\u53ca\u75c5\u60a3\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u793e
\n\u6703
\n86
\nMedical team going over a case
\n\u00a9 Pete Saloutos\/CORBIS
\n\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0 \u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u540c\u5115
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n87
\n\u76ee\u6a19
\n\u95b1\u8b80\u904e\u9019\u7ae0\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4f60\u61c9\u8a72\u80fd\u5920\uff1a
\n\u25cf \u63cf\u8ff0\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e4b\u9593\u61c9\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u5c0d\u5f85
\n\u25cf \u8b49\u660e\u8209\u767c\u540c\u4e8b\u4e0d\u5408\u502b\u7406\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u7684
\n\u25cf \u8a8d\u8b58\u8207\u4ed6\u4eba\u5408\u4f5c\u7167\u9867\u75c5\u60a3\u6642\u4e4b\u4e3b\u8981\u502b\u7406\u539f\u5247
\n\u25cf \u89e3\u91cb\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u6c7a\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u7684
\n\u885d\u7a81
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n88
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u4e09\uff09
\nC \u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u5e02\u7acb\u91ab\u9662\u65b0\u4f86\u7684\u9ebb\u9189\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u5728\u770b\u5230\u8cc7
\n\u6df1\u5916\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u624b\u8853\u5ba4\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u611f\u5230\u5341\u5206\u932f
\n\u6115\uff1a\u8cc7\u6df1\u91ab\u5e2b\u4f7f\u7528\u904e\u6642\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u958b\u5200\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u62c9
\n\u9577\u624b\u8853\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u5728\u8853\u5f8c\u7684\u75bc\u75db\u671f\u8207\u6062\u5fa9\u671f\u4e5f\u76f8
\n\u5c0d\u5730\u5ef6\u9577\u3002\u4e0d\u50c5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u9084\u5e38\u62ff\u60a3\u8005\u4f86\u958b\u73a9\u7b11\uff0c
\n\u5167\u5bb9\u7c97\u4fd7\u4e0d\u582a\u5165\u8033\uff0c\u8b93\u4e00\u65c1\u5354\u52a9\u7684\u8b77\u58eb\u5f88\u4e0d\u8212
\n\u670d\u3002C\u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u525b\u4f86\u7684\u65b0\u4eba\uff0c\u8cc7\u6b77\u5dee\u4e86\u4e00\u5927\u622a\uff0c\u4e0d
\n\u9858\u610f\u79c1\u5e95\u4e0b\u6279\u8a55\u6216\u5411\u4e0a\u5c64\u5831\u544a\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u4ed6\u9084\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba
\n\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u6240\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u597d\u8b93\u60c5\u6cc1\u6709\u6240\u6539\u5584\u3002
\n\u5c0d\u91ab\u7642\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u6311\u6230(Challenge to medical authority)
\n\u7121\u8ad6\u5c0d\u5167\u6216\u5c0d\u5916\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u5c6c\u65bc\u4f9d\u5faa\u6975\u5ea6\u7684\u5c64
\n\u7d1a\u5236\u5ea6\uff08extremely hierarchical fashion\uff09\u800c\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u5c08
\n\u696d \u3002 \u4ee5 \u5167 \u90e8 \u4f86 \u8aaa \uff0c \u6709 \u4e09 \u500b \u91cd \u758a \u7684 \u5c64 \u7d1a
\n\uff08hierarchy\uff09\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c64\u7d1a\u662f\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5176
\n\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u9818\u57df\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u9818\u57df\u66f4\u5177\u540d\u671b\uff0c\u916c\u52de\u66f4
\n\u512a\u6e25\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u5c64\u7d1a\u662f\u5728\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u4e4b\u5167\uff0c\u6709\u5b78\u8853\u5730
\n\u4f4d\u8005\u6bd4\u5728\u79c1\u4eba\u6216\u516c\u5bb6\u57f7\u696d\u8005\u66f4\u5177\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u7a2e
\n\u5c64\u7d1a\u5247\u8207\u7167\u8b77\u7279\u5b9a\u75c5\u60a3\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e3b\u8981\u7167\u8b77\u8005\u4f4d
\n\u5c45\u5c64\u7d1a\u4e4b\u9802\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5e74\u8cc7\u8f03\u6df1\u53ca\/\u6216\u6280
\n\u8853\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u5f9e\u65c1\u64d4\u4efb\u9867\u554f\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u8f49\u7531\u4ed6\u5011\u7167\u9867\u3002\u5c0d\u5916\uff0c
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u5247\u5728\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u4f4d\u5c45\u65bc
\n\u6240 \u6709 \u7167 \u8b77 \u8005 \u5c64 \u7d1a \u4e4b \u9802
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u5c6c\u65bc\u4f9d
\n\u5faa\u6975\u5ea6\u7684\u5c64\u7d1a\u5236\u5ea6\u800c
\n\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u5c08\u696d
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u4e09\uff09
\nC \u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u5e02\u7acb\u91ab\u9662\u65b0\u4f86\u7684\u9ebb\u9189\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u5728\u770b\u5230
\n\u8cc7\u6df1\u5916\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u624b\u8853\u5ba4\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u611f\u5230\u5341\u5206
\n\u932f\u6115\uff1a\u8cc7\u6df1\u91ab\u5e2b\u4f7f\u7528\u904e\u6642\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u958b\u5200\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u4e0d
\n\u4f46\u62c9\u9577\u624b\u8853\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u5728\u8853\u5f8c\u7684\u75bc\u75db\u671f\u8207\u6062\u5fa9
\n\u671f\u4e5f\u76f8\u5c0d\u5730\u5ef6\u9577\u3002\u4e0d\u50c5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u9084\u5e38\u62ff\u60a3\u8005\u4f86
\n\u958b\u73a9\u7b11\uff0c\u5167\u5bb9\u7c97\u4fd7\u4e0d\u582a\u5165\u8033\uff0c\u8b93\u4e00\u65c1\u5354\u52a9\u7684\u8b77
\n\u58eb\u5f88\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\u3002C \u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u525b\u4f86\u7684\u65b0\u4eba\uff0c\u8cc7\u6b77\u5dee\u4e86
\n\u4e00\u5927\u622a\uff0c\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u79c1\u5e95\u4e0b\u6279\u8a55\u6216\u5411\u4e0a\u5c64\u5831\u544a\u3002\u4e0d
\n\u904e\u4ed6\u9084\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u6240\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u597d\u8b93\u60c5\u6cc1\u6709\u6240\u6539
\n\u5584\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u5c6c\u65bc\u4f9d
\n\u5faa\u6975\u5ea6\u7684\u5c64\u7d1a\u5236\u5ea6\u800c
\n\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u5c08\u696d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n89
\n\u7aef\uff0c\u9ad8\u65bc\u8b77\u58eb\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u885b\u751f\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u3002
\n\u672c\u7ae0\u8a0e\u8ad6\u65bc\u91ab\u7642\u5167\u3001\u5916\u5404\u5c64\u7d1a\u6240\u767c\u751f\u7684\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u3002
\n\u9019\u4e9b\u8b70\u984c\u6709\u4e9b\u5728\u5167\u90e8\u8207\u5916\u90e8\u90fd\u5f88\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5247\u50c5
\n\u767c\u751f\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u5c64\u9762\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u8b70\u984c\u76f8\u5c0d\u4f86\u8aaa\u5f88\u65b0\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba
\n\u4ed6\u5011\u8d77\u56e0\u65bc\u91ab\u5b78\u53ca\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u6700\u8fd1\u767c\u751f\u7684\u8b8a\u9769\u3002\u7c21
\n\u55ae\u6558\u8ff0\u4e00\u4e0b\u9019\u4e9b\u8b8a\u9769\u662f\u9069\u7576\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u5c0d\u50b3\u7d71
\n\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u6b0a\u5a01\u904b\u4f5c\u9020\u6210\u76f8\u7576\u5927\u7684\u6311\u6230\u3002
\n\u96a8\u8457\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u53ca\u5176\u81e8\u5e8a\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u6210\u9577\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u8b8a
\n\u5f97\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u8907\u96dc\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u500b\u4eba\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u6709\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u53ca\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u5f0f\u5168\u90e8\u77ad\u82e5\u6307\u638c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f
\n\u9700\u8981\u5176\u4ed6\u5c08\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\u53ca\u719f\u7df4\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u4e4b
\n\u5354\u52a9\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u8b77\u58eb\u3001\u85e5\u5291\u5e2b\u3001\u7269\u7406\u6cbb\u7642\u5e2b\u3001\u8a66\u9a57
\n\u5ba4\u6280\u5e2b\u3001\u793e\u5de5\u5e2b\u6216\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u9700\u8981
\n\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u7372\u53d6\u5176\u75c5\u60a3\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u3001\u800c\u4ed6\u5011\u672c\u8eab\u537b\u4e26
\n\u4e0d\u5177\u5099\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u91ab\u7642\u6280\u8853\u3002
\n\u5982\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u4e2d\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u75c5\u60a3\u4e4b\u91ab\u7642\u81ea\u4e3b\u6c7a\u5b9a
\n\u6b0a\u5df2\u88ab\u5ee3\u70ba\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u91ab\u7642\u7236\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5982\u4eca\u5df2\u9010\u6f38\u5f0f
\n\u5fae\u3002\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u50b3\u7d71\u91ab\u7642\u7236\u6b0a
\n\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5a01\u6b0a\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e5f\u767c\u751f\u5728\u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u5176
\n\u4ed6\u5065\u5eb7\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5f8c\u8005\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u6240\u6307\u793a\u91ab\u56d1\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u65e5\u76ca\u4e0d\u9858\u9075\u7167\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u7684\u6307\u793a\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u8996
\n\u70ba\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u8ca0\u6709\u502b\u7406\u8cac\u4efb
\n\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u5c0d\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u8207\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684
\n\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\u53d6\u4ee3
\n\u4e86\u50b3\u7d71\u91ab\u7642\u7236\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9
\n\u7684\u5a01\u6b0a\u6a21\u5f0f
\n\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\u53d6\u4ee3
\n\u4e86\u50b3\u7d71\u91ab\u7642\u7236\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9
\n\u7684\u5a01\u6b0a\u6a21\u5f0f
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n90
\n\u6307\u793a\u6709\u6240\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u89ba\u5f97\u5fc5\u9808\u8cea\u7591\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u6311\u6230
\n\u90a3\u9805\u6307\u793a\u3002\u5728\u5a01\u6b0a\u5f0f\u7684\u5c64\u7d1a\u5236\u5ea6\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7576\u885d
\n\u7a81\u767c\u751f\u6642\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u6703\u61f7\u7591\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u8ab0\u767c\u865f\u65bd\u4ee4\u3001\u8ab0\u52dd
\n\u51fa\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u537b\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u65bc\u4ec0\u9ebc\u624d\u662f\u9069\u5207
\n\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u7167\u8b77\u6709\u6240\u722d\u8b70\u3002
\n\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u540c\u5115\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5065\u5eb7\u5c08\u696d\u4eba
\n\u54e1\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u300c\u904a\u6232\u898f\u5247\u300d\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u6211\u5011\u6703\u8aaa\u660e\u9019\u4e9b
\n\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u554f\u984c\u9762\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u51fa\u61c9\u5c0d\u4e4b\u9053\u3002
\n\u8207\u91ab\u5e2b\u540c\u5115\u3001\u6559\u5e2b\u53ca\u5b78\u751f\u4e4b\u95dc\u4fc2
\n\u8eab\u70ba\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u4e00\u54e1\uff0c\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u88ab\u671f\u76fc\u8981\u5f7c
\n\u6b64\u76f8\u5f85\u5982\u5bb6\u4eba\u800c\u975e\u964c\u751f\u4eba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8981\u6bd4\u670b\u53cb\u66f4\u89aa\u3002
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u5ba3\u8a00\u5305\u542b\u6b64\u8a93\u8a00\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u5c07\u770b
\n\u5f85\u540c\u50da\u5982\u540c\u6211\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\u59ca\u59b9\u3002\u300d\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u8a93\u8a00\u7684\u8a6e
\n\u91cb\uff0c\u6703\u56e0\u8457\u6642\u9593\u53ca\u570b\u5bb6\u800c\u7570\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5728\u8a3a\u5bdf\u8cbb\u9084
\n\u662f\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e3b\u8981\u6216\u552f\u4e00\u916c\u52de\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u6709\u8457\u5341\u5206
\n\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u300c\u540c\u696d\u79ae\u9047\u300d\uff08professional courtesy\uff09\u50b3\u7d71
\n\u2014\u4e0d\u5411\u540c\u5115\u6536\u53d6\u91ab\u7642\u8cbb\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u50b3\u7d71\u5728\u6709\u7b2c\u4e09
\n\u65b9\u4ed8\u6b3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u65e5\u6f38\u6de1\u5316\u3002
\n\u9664\u4e86\u6b63\u9762\u8981\u6c42\u91ab\u5e2b\u5f7c\u6b64\u4ee5\u79ae\u76f8\u5f85\uff0c\u4e26\u76f8\u4e92\u5408\u4f5c\u4ee5
\n\u63d0\u4f9b\u75c5\u60a3\u6700\u597d\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5728\u5176
\n\u570b\u969b\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u9084
\n\u63d0\u51fa\u5169\u9805\u9650\u5236\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u4e0d\u5f97\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u7372\u5f97\u8f49\u8a3a
\n\u4e4b\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u800c\u652f\u4ed8\u6216\u6536\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u8cbb\u7528\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5831\u916c\uff1b
\n\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u4e0d\u5f97\u596a\u53d6\u540c\u4e8b\u4e4b\u75c5\u60a3\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5373\u5c07\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5230\u7b2c
\n\u4e09\u7a2e\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u8209\u767c\u540c\u4e8b\u4e4b\u4e0d\u5408\u502b\u7406\u6216\u4e0d\u9069\u4efb\u7684\u884c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n91
\n\u70ba\u3002
\n\u5728\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u5e0c\u6ce2\u514b\u62c9\u5e95\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0b\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u61c9\u7279\u5225
\n\u5c0a\u656c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8001\u5e2b\u3002\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u5ba3\u8a00\u4ee5\u6b64\u65b9\u5f0f\u9673\u8ff0\uff1a
\n\u300c\u6211\u5c07\u7d66\u4e88\u6211\u7684\u5e2b\u9577\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u5c0a\u656c\u8207\u611f\u6234\u3002\u300d\u96d6\u7136
\n\u7576\u4eca\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u591a\u4f4d\u5b78\u751f\u8207\u591a\u4f4d\u6559\u5e2b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4e92
\n\u52d5\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5982\u6614\u65e5\u7684\u4e00\u5c0d\u4e00\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4f46\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u9084\u662f
\n\u5fc5\u9808\u4ef0\u8cf4\u57f7\u696d\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u5584\u610f\u53ca\u5949\u737b\u2014\u9019\u4e9b\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u6559
\n\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5206\u6587\u672a\u53d6\u7684\u3002\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u5b78\u751f\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u63a5
\n\u53d7\u91ab\u7642\u53d7\u8a13\u7684\u4eba\u54e1\u90fd\u61c9\u611f\u8b1d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8001\u5e2b\uff0c\u82e5\u6c92\u6709
\n\u9019\u4e9b\u8001\u5e2b\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u5c07\u8b8a\u6210\u81ea\u6211\u5b78\u7fd2\u3002
\n\u5728\u8001\u5e2b\u7684\u8077\u8cac\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8001\u5e2b\u5011\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u7d66\u4e88\u5b78\u751f\u5c0a
\n\u91cd\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u8655\u7406\u75c5\u60a3\u6642\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u826f\u597d\u6a21\u7bc4\u3002\u91ab\u5b78\u6559
\n\u80b2\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u96b1\u85cf\u8ab2\u7a0b(hidden curriculum)\u300d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7531
\n\u57f7\u696d\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u6240\u9ad4\u73fe\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\uff0c\u9019\u6bd4\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684
\n\u660e\u8a02\u8ab2\u7a0b\u66f4\u5177\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u502b\u7406\u8981\u6c42\u8207\u8001\u5e2b
\n\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u53ca\u884c\u70ba\u4e4b\u9593\u6709\u885d
\n\u7a81\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u751f\u6bd4\u8f03\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u6703\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8001\u5e2b\u70ba\u699c
\n\u6a23\u3002
\n\u8001\u5e2b\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u9805\u7279\u5225\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8981\u6c42\u5b78\u751f\u5f9e\u4e8b
\n\u4e0d\u5408\u4e4e\u502b\u7406\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u91ab\u5b78\u671f\u520a\u4e2d\u5831\u5c0e\u904e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u500b
\n\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a\u7531\u91ab\u5b78\u751f\u53bb\u53d6\u5f97\u75c5\u60a3\u5c0d\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u800c\u9019
\n\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u7531\u5408\u683c\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u6240\u9032\u884c\uff1b\u5728\u672a\u7372\u53d6
\n\u540c\u610f\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u70ba\u88ab\u9ebb\u9189\u6216\u525b\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u9032\u884c\u5167
\n\u8a3a(pelvic examination)\uff1b\u64cd\u4f5c\u672a\u53d7\u76e3\u7763\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c
\n\u5373\u4f7f\u53ea\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u6b65\u9a5f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u975c\u8108\u6ce8\u5c04\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d
\n\u8001\u5e2b\u5011\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u7d66\u4e88\u5b78
\n\u751f\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u8655\u7406\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u6642\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u826f\u597d\u6a21
\n\u7bc4
\n\u7bc4
\n\u8001\u5e2b\u5011\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u7d66\u4e88\u5b78\u751f
\n\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u8655\u7406\u75c5\u60a3\u6642
\n\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u826f\u597d\u6a21\u7bc4
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n92
\n\u67d0\u4e9b\u5b78\u751f\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u8d85\u51fa\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u5b78\u751f\u8207\u8001
\n\u5e2b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u4e26\u4e0d\u5c0d\u7b49\uff0c\u5c31\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5fc5
\n\u7136\u4e0d\u9858\u8cea\u7591\u6216\u662f\u62d2\u7d55\u8001\u5e2b\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8001\u5e2b\u5011\u6709
\n\u5fc5\u8981\u78ba\u4fdd\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u6703\u8981\u6c42\u5b78\u751f\u505a\u4e0d\u5408\u502b\u7406\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002
\n\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u4e2d\uff0c\u8a2d\u6709\u73ed\u7d1a\u4ee3\u8868\u6216\u662f\u5b78\u751f\u6703\uff0c\u5728
\n\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u89d2\u8272\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u4eba
\n\u5011\u5c0d\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u7684\u95dc\u5207\u3002\u95dc\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u53d7
\n\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u502b\u7406\u9762\u5411\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u6709\u7ba1\u9053\u80fd\u904b\u7528
\n\u63d0\u51fa\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u63d0\u51fa\u554f\u984c\u6642\u4e0d\u6703\u5fc5
\n\u7136\u5730\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u544a\u5bc6\u8005\uff08whistle-blower\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u91ab\u5b78\u751f
\n\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u4ee5\u66f4\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f
\n\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u6b64\u985e\u8b70\u984c\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f
\n\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u7ba1\u9053\u53ef\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u7372
\n\u5f97\u9069\u7576\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002
\n\u95dc\u65bc\u91ab\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u88ab\u671f\u8a31\u8981\u5c55\u73fe\u51fa\u5408\u4e4e
\n\u672a\u4f86\u884c\u91ab\u6240\u9700\u4e4b\u9ad8\u502b\u7406\u884c\u70ba\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u61c9\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8
\n\u5f85\u4e00\u5982\u540c\u50da\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u9700\u8981\u6642\u4e92\u76f8\u63d0\u4f9b\u5354\u52a9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d
\n\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u4e0d\u5c08\u696d\u884c\u70ba\u63d0\u51fa\u8aeb\u8a00\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u4e00\u540c\u5206
\n\u64d4\u8a08\u756b\u8207\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6307\u5b9a\u4f5c\u696d\u53ca\u503c\u73ed\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002
\n\u8209\u767c\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u6216\u4e0d\u7b26\u502b\u7406\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u884c\u70ba
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u56e0\u70ba\u662f\u4e00\u9580\u81ea\u6211\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u884c\u696d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4f86
\n\u91ab\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u90fd\u56e0\u5176\u5730\u4f4d\u800c\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u8c6a\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u56de\u5831\u793e\u6703
\n\u7d66\u4e88\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\u4ee5\u53ca\u75c5\u60a3\u7d66\u4e88\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\u70ba\u5176
\n\u6210\u54e1\u5efa\u7acb\u9ad8\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u4e26\u900f\u904e\u7d00\u5f8b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8abf
\n\u95dc\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d
\n\u502b\u7406\u9762\u5411\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u751f\uff0c
\n\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u6709\u7ba1\u9053\u80fd\u904b\u7528
\n\u63d0\u51fa\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6a5f\u5236
\n\u95dc\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d
\n\u502b\u7406\u9762\u5411\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u751f\uff0c
\n\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u6709\u7ba1\u9053\u80fd\u904b\u7528
\n\u63d0\u51fa\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6a5f\u5236
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n93
\n\u67e5\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e0d\u7576\u884c\u70ba\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u63a7\u8a34\uff0c\u5982\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703
\n\u5c0d\u72af\u932f\u8005\u65bd\u4ee5\u61f2\u7f70\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u898f\u7bc4\u7cfb\u7d71
\n\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u5931\u6557\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u76ee
\n\u7684\u5728\u8b93\u91ab\u754c\u66f4\u80fd\u70ba\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u8ca0\u8cac\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4efb\u547d\u975e
\n\u91ab\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u70ba\u7d00\u5f8b\u7ba1\u7406\u7576\u5c40\u6210\u54e1\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u898f\u7bc4
\n\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u80fd\u5168\u5fc3\u5168\u610f\u5730\u652f\u6301\u5176\u539f
\n\u5247\uff0c\u4e26\u9858\u610f\u53bb\u77ad\u89e3\u53ca\u8655\u7406\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u4e0d\u5408\u4e4e\u502b\u7406\u7684
\n\u91ab\u7642\u884c\u70ba\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\u4e2d\u5f37\u8abf\u91ab\u5e2b\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u8209\u767c\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u4e0d\u9069
\n\u4efb(incompetence)\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3(impairment)\u6216\u4e0d\u7576\u884c\u70ba
\n(misconduct)\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u570b\u969b\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b88
\n\u5247\u4e2d\u9673\u8ff0\uff1a\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u2026\u2026\u5411\u4e3b\u7ba1\u6a5f\u95dc\u8209\u767c\u884c\u70ba\u9055
\n\u53cd\u502b\u7406\u6216\u4e0d\u9069\u4efb\uff0c\u6216\u5f9e\u4e8b\u8a50\u6b3a\u8207\u6b3a\u9a19\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u300d\u3002
\n\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u904b\u7528\u6b64\u539f\u5247\u537b\u662f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u52d5\u6a5f\u800c\u60f3\u8981\u50b7\u5bb3\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u8072
\n\u671b\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5ac9\u5992\u6216\u633e\u6028\u4ee5\u5831\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u57fa\u65bc\u53cb\u8abc\u6216\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u800c\u4e0d\u9858\u8209\u767c\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u5931\u7576
\n\u884c \u70ba \uff08 \u300c \u82e5 \u975e \u4e0a \u5e1d \u4fdd \u4f51 \uff0c \u505a \u932f \u4e8b \u7684 \u4eba \u5c31 \u6703 \u662f
\n\u6211\u300d\uff09\u3002\u63d0\u51fa\u8209\u767c\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u5c0d\u65bc\u8209\u767c\u8005\u800c\u8a00\u53ef\u80fd\u662f
\n\u6975\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\uff0c\u8209\u767c\u8005\u5e7e\u4e4e\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u4f86\u81ea\u88ab\u8209\u767c\u8005
\n\u7684\u6575\u610f\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u540c\u4e8b\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u6703\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u6eff\u3002
\n\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u8209\u767c\u4e0d\u6cd5\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u7f3a\u9ede\uff0c\u5b83\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u5011\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u8cac\u4efb\u3002\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u8981\u8ca0\u8cac\u7dad\u8b77\u9019
\n\u500b\u884c\u696d\u7684\u826f\u597d\u8072\u8b7d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u552f\u6709\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u5bdf\u89ba\u5230
\n\u8ab0\u4e0d\u9069\u4efb\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\u6216\u884c\u70ba\u5931\u7576\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5411\u7d00\u5f8b
\n\u7ba1\u7406\u7576\u5c40\u8209\u767c\u540c\u5115\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u5728\u5617\u8a66\u904e\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u537b
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n94
\n\u4ecd\u7136\u7121\u6548\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u6b65\u9a5f
\n\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u63a5\u89f8\u90a3\u4f4d\u540c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e26\u544a\u8a34\u4ed6\u4f60\u89ba\u5f97\u5176\u884c\u70ba\u4e0d
\n\u5b89\u5168\u6216\u4e0d\u5408\u502b\u7406\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e8b\u60c5\u5728\u9019\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\u5c31\u80fd\u89e3\u6c7a
\n\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u518d\u63a1\u53d6\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd
\n\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u4e0b\u500b\u6b65\u9a5f\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u8207\u4f60\u7684\u4e3b\u7ba1\u548c\/\u6216\u90a3\u72af\u932f\u8005
\n\u7684\u4e0a\u7d1a\u4e3b\u7ba1\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6b64\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e26\u8b93\u8a72\u4e3b\u7ba1\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u7684
\n\u884c\u52d5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9019\u500b\u7b56\u7565\u4e0d
\n\u5be6\u969b\u6216\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4fbf
\n\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u63a1\u53d6\u6700\u5f8c\u6b65\u9a5f
\n\u53bb\u544a\u77e5\u7d00\u5f8b\u7ba1\u7406\u7576\u5c40\u3002
\n\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5065\u5eb7\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2
\n\u672c\u66f8\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u66fe\u958b\u5b97\u660e\u7fa9\u5730\u8a0e\u8ad6\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u5c0a\u91cd
\n\u53ca\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0d\u5f85\u7684\u7121\u6bd4\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u6bb5\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u6240\u63d0\u51fa
\n\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4e5f\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u540c\u4e8b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u5728\u91ab\u5e2b\u7167\u8b77
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u53ca\u53c3\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5c08\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\u6642\uff0c\u300c\u7981\u6b62\u6b67\u8996\u300d\u4e00\u9805
\n\u5c24\u5176\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u8207\u76f8\u95dc\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u6b67\u8996\u662f
\n\u57fa\u65bc\u300c\u5e74\u9f61\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u6216\u6b98\u969c\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u65cf\u88d4\u3001\u6027\u5225\u3001
\n\u570b\u7c4d\u3001\u653f\u9ee8\u3001\u4eba\u7a2e\u3001\u6027\u5225\u50be\u5411\u793e\u6703\u5730\u4f4d\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0
\n\u7d20\u300d\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u300c\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u5ba3\u8a00\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u4e00\u6982\u5728
\n\u7981\u6b62\u4e4b\u5217\u3002
\n\u300c\u4e0d\u6b67\u8996\u300d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u88ab\u52d5\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u800c\u5c0a\u91cd\u5247\u662f\u4e3b\u52d5
\n\u800c\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u662f\u91ab\u5e2b\u3001\u8b77\u58eb\u3001\u9084\u662f\u8f14\u52a9\u4fdd\u5065\u4eba\u54e1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u61c9
\n\u73cd\u60dc\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6280\u8853\u53ca\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u6709\u76ca\u65bc\u5c0d\u75c5
\n\u5411\u7d00\u5f8b\u7ba1\u7406\u7576\u5c40\u8209\u767c
\n\u540c\u5115\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u5617
\n\u8a66\u904e\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u537b\u9084\u662f
\n\u7121\u6548\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684
\n\u6700\u5f8c\u624b\u6bb5
\n\u5411\u7d00\u5f8b\u7ba1\u7406\u7576\u5c40\u8209\u767c\u540c
\n\u5115\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u5617\u8a66\u904e
\n\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\u537b\u9084\u662f\u7121\u6548\u4e4b
\n\u5f8c\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u624b\u6bb5
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n95
\n\u60a3\u7684\u7167\u8b77\u3002\u5404\u7a2e\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u5c08\u696d\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u53ca\u8a13\u7df4
\n\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u5011\u7686\u4eab\u6709\u751f\u800c\u70ba\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e26
\n\u4e14\u540c\u6a23\u95dc\u61f7\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u798f\u7949\u3002
\n\u4f46\u662f\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u6b63\u7576\u7406\u7531\u62d2\u7d55\u52a0\u5165\u6216\u7d42
\n\u6b62\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec
\n\u5c0d\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6216\u5ec9\u6b63\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u500b
\n\u6027\u885d\u7a81\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u7576\u9ad8\u7684\u502b\u7406\u654f\u92b3\u5ea6\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5c07
\n\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u8ddf\u5176\u4ed6\u8f03\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u505a\u5340\u9694\u3002
\n\u5408\u4f5c
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u65e2\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u500b\u4eba\u5316\u7684\u884c\u696d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9700\u8981\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5408\u4f5c
\n\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5c31\u500b\u4eba\u5316\u65b9\u9762\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u5c0d\u300c\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u7684\u300d\u75c5\u60a3\u6709\u8457\u6975\u9ad8\u7684\u4f54\u6709\u617e\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u5982\u6b64\u5ba3\u7a31\uff0c\u91ab
\n\u75c5\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u662f\u9054\u5230\u4e86\u89e3\u75c5\u60a3\u4e26\u63d0\u4f9b\u6301\u7e8c
\n\u7167\u9867\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u9810\u9632\u8207\u6cbb
\n\u7642\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u662f\u883b\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\u3002\u7559\u4f4f\u75c5\u60a3\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5229\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u8ca1\u52d9\u9762\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4f46\u5c31\u5408\u4f5c
\n\u9762\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u91ab\u7642\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8907\u96dc\u53ca\u5c08\u696d\u7684\uff0c
\n\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u77e5\u8b58\u548c\u6280\u8853\u3001\u4f46\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e92\u88dc\u7684\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u5011\u76f8\u4e92\u5bc6\u5207\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5408\u4f5c\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e4b
\n\u9593\u7684\u5f35\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4e2d\u4e00\u518d\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u3002
\n\u96a8\u8457\u91ab\u7642\u7236\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5f0f
\n\u5fae \uff0c \u76f8 \u4fe1 \u91ab \u5e2b \u5011 \u300c \u64c1
\n\u6709\u300d\u5176\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4e00
\n\u4f75\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u75c5\u60a3\u53ef
\n\u4ee5 \u8981 \u6c42 \u7b2c \u4e8c \u610f \u898b \u7684 \u6b0a
\n\u96a8\u8457\u91ab\u7642\u7236\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684
\n\u5f0f \u5fae \uff0c \u76f8 \u4fe1 \u91ab \u5e2b \u5011
\n\u300c\u64c1\u6709\u300d\u5176\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u60f3
\n\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4e00\u4f75\u6d88\u5931
\n\u96a8\u8457\u91ab\u7642\u7236\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5f0f
\n\u5fae\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u300c\u64c1
\n\u6709\u300d\u5176\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4e00
\n\u4f75\u6d88\u5931
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n96
\n\u5229\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u64f4\u5c55\u70ba\u75c5\u60a3\u6709\u6b0a\u7372\u5f97\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u5176\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u5176
\n\u4ed6\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u6b0a\u5229
\n\u5ba3\u8a00\uff1a\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u6cbb\u7642\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77
\n\u63d0 \u4f9b \u8005 \u4e92 \u76f8 \u5354 \u8abf \u5408 \u4f5c \uff0c \u4ee5 \u63d0 \u4f9b \u5fc5 \u8981 \u7684 \u91ab \u7642 \u7167
\n\u8b77\u3002\u300d\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u9762\u6240\u8aaa\u904e\u7684\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u5728\u6b64
\n\u5408\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5206\u6524\u6536\u8cbb\u8b00\u5229\u3002
\n\u9019\u4e9b\u95dc\u65bc\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u4e4b\u300c\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\u300d\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u9700\u8981
\n\u4ee5\u7dad\u8b77\u91ab\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u512a\u5148\u6027\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u4f86\u52a0\u4ee5\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u4f8b
\n\u5982\uff1a\u88ab\u8d85\u904e\u4e00\u4f4d\u91ab\u5e2b\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u91ab\u9662\u662f
\n\u5982\u6b64\uff09\u61c9\u5118\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u7531\u4e00\u4f4d\u91ab\u5e2b\u5354\u8abf\u7167\u8b77\u4e8b\u5b9c\uff0c\u544a
\n\u77e5\u75c5\u60a3\u6709\u95dc\u7642\u7a0b\u4e4b\u6574\u9ad4\u9032\u5c55\uff0c\u4e26\u5354\u52a9\u75c5\u60a3\u505a\u6c7a
\n\u5b9a\u3002
\n\u7e31\u7136\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\u5927\u81f4\u4e0a\u5df2\u6709\u6210\u898f\u53ef\u5faa\uff0c\u4f46\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u537b
\n\u4ecd\u7136\u8655\u5728\u6e3e\u6c8c\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u61c9\u8a72\u600e
\n\u6a23\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u4ecd\u7136\u610f\u898b\u4e0d\u4e00\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u8b77
\n\u58eb\u3001\u85e5\u5291\u5e2b\u3001\u7269\u7406\u6cbb\u7642\u5e2b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c
\n\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u6bd4\u91ab\u5e2b\u66f4\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7167\u8b77
\n\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u4e0d\u628a\u4ed6\u5011\u8207\u91ab\u5e2b\u5e73\u7b49\u76f8\u5f85\u3002
\n\u4ed6\u5011\u652f\u6301\u4ee5\u5718\u968a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u7167\u8b77\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u6a21\u5f0f
\n\u4e0b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7167\u8b77\u4eba\u54e1\u7684\u610f\u898b\u90fd\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u5e73\u7b49\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u800c
\n\u4e14\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u61c9\u5411\u75c5\u60a3\u8ca0\u8cac\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5411\u91ab\u5e2b\u8ca0
\n\u8cac\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u91ab\u5e2b\u8a8d\u70ba\u5373\u4f7f\u63a1\u7528\u5718\u968a
\n\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u9084\u662f\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7ba1\u5168\u5c40\uff0c\u800c\u8003\u616e\u5230
\n\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u7d93\u9a57\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u9084\u662f\u6700\u9069\u5408\u64d4\u4efb\u90a3\u500b\u89d2
\n\u8272\u7684\u4eba\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n97
\n\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u4e9b\u91ab\u5e2b\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6297\u62d2\u9019\u4e9b\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u8eab\u50b3\u7d71\u6b0a\u5a01
\n\uff08\u800c\u4e14\u5e7e\u4e4e\u662f\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\uff09\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u4f46\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5
\n\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u56de\u61c9\u75c5\u60a3\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u4eba\u54e1\u8981
\n\u6c42\u5c0d\u91ab\u7642\u6c7a\u7b56\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5c07\u6703\u6709
\n\u6240\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u8981\u80fd\u5411\u4ed6\u4eba\u8b49\u660e\u5176\u5efa\u8b70\u662f\u6b63\u7576
\n\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u8aaa\u670d\u4ed6\u5011\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9664\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u6e9d\u901a\u6280\u5de7\u4e4b
\n\u5916\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5011\u4e5f\u8981\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u89e3\u6c7a\u5728\u7167\u8b77\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u904e\u7a0b
\n\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u3002
\n\u5728\u5408\u4f5c\u9054\u6210\u75c5\u60a3\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u767c\u751f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u5225
\n\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u75c5\u60a3\u6703\u6c42\u52a9\u65bc\u63d0\u4f9b\u50b3\u7d71\u6216\u53e6\u985e\u91ab\u7642
\n\u7684\u7167\u8b77\u8005\uff08\u300c\u6cbb\u7642\u8005\u300d\uff0chealers\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u975e\u6d32\u548c\u4e9e
\n\u6d32\uff0c\u6709\u9817\u5927\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u6703\u5fb5\u8a62\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u800c\u4e14
\n\u9019\u7a2e\u8da8\u52e2\u5728\u6b50\u6d32\u53ca\u7f8e\u6d32\u4e5f\u65e5\u76ca\u98a8\u884c\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba
\n\u89ba\u5f97\u897f\u65b9\u751f\u7269\u91ab\u5b78\u8207\u50b3\u7d71\u53e6\u985e\u7642\u6cd5\u662f\u4e92\u88dc\u7684\uff0c\u7136
\n\u800c\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u537b\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e92\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u3002
\n\u7531\u65bc\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u53ca\u53e6\u985e\u6cbb\u7642\u662f\u6709\u7642\u6548\u7684\uff0c
\n\u52a0\u4e0a\u75c5\u60a3\u6703\u6c42\u52a9\u65bc\u5b83\u5011\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u5982\u4f55
\n\u8207\u9019\u985e\u57f7\u696d\u8005\u5171\u540c\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u800c\u5408\u4f5c\u4e4b\u9053\u6703\u56e0\u570b\u5bb6\u53ca
\n\u6240\u6d89\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u3001\u53e6\u985e\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u7a2e\u985e\u800c\u6709\u6240\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u4f46\u5728
\n\u6240\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\u4e2d\uff0c\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u61c9\u662f\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u8003
\n\u91cf\u3002
\n\u89e3\u6c7a\u885d\u7a81
\n\u96d6\u7136\u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5e2b\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u7d93\u6b77\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7a2e\u985e\u7684\u885d\u7a81\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5c0d\u8fa6\u516c\u5ba4\u7684\u4f5c
\n\u696d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6216\u916c\u52de\u6709\u610f\u898b\u885d\u7a81\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u8655\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\u7167
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n98
\n\u8b77\u75c5\u60a3\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u3002\u7406\u60f3\u4e0a\uff0c\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u4e4b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u61c9
\n\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u75c5\u60a3\u3001\u91ab\u5e2b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u53c3\u8207\u7167\u8b77\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u7684
\n\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027(uncertainty)\u548c\u89c0\u9ede\u7684
\n\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u7167\u8b77\u76ee\u6a19\u70ba\u4f55\uff1f\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5982\u4f55\u9054\u5230\u76ee
\n\u6a19\uff1f\u300d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u610f\u898b\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u9084\u662f\u5e38\u5e38\u767c\u751f\u3002
\n\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u8cc7\u6e90\u6709\u9650\u3001\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u5f97\u5171\u8b58
\n\u96e3\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u3002
\n\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u6709
\n\u95dc\u7167\u8b77\u3001\u6cbb\u7642\u76ee\u6a19\u6216\u662f
\n\u5982\u4f55\u9054\u6210\u9019\u4e9b\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u722d
\n\u8ad6\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u7531\u7167\u8b77\u5718\u968a
\n\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u9032\u884c\u91d0\u6e05\u4e26\u52a0\u4ee5
\n\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u4e0d\u81f4\u524a\u5f31\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u8207\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u8207\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u8005
\n\u4e4b\u9593\u6709\u95dc\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\uff0c\u61c9\u5728\u5718\u968a\u5167\u6216\u6a5f\u69cb\u5167
\n\u90e8\u9032\u884c\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u61c9\u5728\u75c5\u60a3\u9762\u524d\u722d\u8ad6\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u5169
\n\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u502b\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u81e8\u5e8a\u502b\u7406
\n\u59d4 \u54e1 \u6703 \u6216 \u502b \u7406 \u9867 \u554f \u7684 \u5efa \u8b70 \uff08 \u82e5 \u6709 \u9019 \u985e \u8cc7 \u6e90 \u7684
\n\u8a71\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u5176\u89e3\u6c7a\u3002
\n\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u65b9\u91dd\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u985e\u885d\u7a81\uff1a
\n\uf06c \u885d\u7a81\u61c9\u76e1\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u900f\u904e
\n\u722d\u8ad6\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u76f4\u63a5\u5354\u5546\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u552f\u6709\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u63aa
\n\u65bd\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u624d\u8f49\u7528\u6bd4\u8f03\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002
\n\uf06c \u61c9\u8a2d\u6cd5\u5f97\u77e5\u6240\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u95dc\u4fc2\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u8003\u91cf\u6642\u4e26
\n\u52a0\u4ee5\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002
\n\u7531\u65bc\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u89c0\u9ede
\n\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u7167\u8b77
\n\u76ee\u6a19\u70ba\u4f55\uff1f\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5982
\n\u4f55\u9054\u5230\u76ee\u6a19\uff1f\u300d\u7684\u554f
\n\u984c\uff0c\u610f\u898b\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1
\n\u9084\u662f\u5e38\u5e38\u767c\u751f\u3002
\n\u7531\u65bc\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u89c0\u9ede\u7684
\n\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u7167\u8b77\u76ee\u6a19
\n\u70ba\u4f55\uff1f\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5982\u4f55\u9054\u5230
\n\u76ee\u6a19\uff1f\u300d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u610f\u898b
\n\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u9084\u662f\u5e38\u5e38\u767c
\n\u751f\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n99
\n\uf06c \u5728\u89e3\u6c7a\u722d\u57f7\u6642\uff0c\u61c9\u4ee5\u75c5\u60a3\u6216\u7d93\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7406
\n\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u77e5\u60c5\u72c0\u614b\u4e0b\u6240\u505a\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u6289\u64c7\u70ba\u9996\u8981\u8003
\n\u91cf\u3002
\n\uf06c \u5982\u679c\u722d\u57f7\u5728\u65bc\u61c9\u63d0\u4f9b\u75c5\u60a3\u54ea\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u628a\u9078
\n\u64c7\u7bc4\u570d\u64f4\u5927\uff0c\u6703\u6bd4\u5c07\u9078\u64c7\u7bc4\u570d\u7e2e\u5c0f\u4f86\u5f97\u597d\u3002\u5982
\n\u679c\u56e0\u8cc7\u6e90\u6709\u9650\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u75c5\u60a3\u504f\u597d\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9
\n\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u61c9\u544a\u77e5\u75c5\u60a3\u9019\u500b\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002
\n\uf06c \u5982\u679c\u6b77\u7d93\u4e00\u756a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u7121\u6cd5\u900f\u904e\u5c0d\u8a71
\n\u4f86\u9054\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u610f\u898b\u6216\u6298\u8877\u7684\u5354\u8b70\uff0c\u5247\u61c9\u63a5\u53d7\u6709
\n\u6b0a\u5229\u6216\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u505a\u6c7a\u7b56\u8005\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c0d\u65bc\u7a76\u7adf
\n\u8ab0\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u6216\u8cac\u4efb\u53bb\u505a\u6c7a\u7b56\u4e26\u4e0d\u660e\u78ba\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u6240\u722d
\n\u57f7\uff0c\u5247\u61c9\u5c0b\u6c42\u8abf\u89e3\u3001\u4ef2\u88c1\u6216\u5224\u6c7a\u3002
\n\u5047\u5982\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u63d0\u4f9b\u8005\u57fa\u65bc\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u6216\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u9053
\n\u5fb7\u89c0\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u8d0a\u540c\u6700\u5f8c\u63a1\u884c\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u5728\u78ba\u5b9a\u53d7\u7167\u6599
\n\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u6c92\u6709\u53d7\u50b7\u5bb3\u6216\u906d\u907a\u68c4\u4e4b\u865e\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u61c9\u5141\u8a31\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u9000\u51fa\uff0c\u4e0d\u53c3\u8207\u8a72\u9805\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n100
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u56de\u9867
\nC \u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u90a3\u4f4d\u8cc7\u6df1\u5916\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u624b\u8853\u623f\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u611f
\n\u5230\u6182\u5fc3\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u8a72\u5916\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e0d\u50c5\u5371\u5bb3\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u5065
\n\u5eb7\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c0a\u91cd\u75c5\u60a3\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u540c\u4e8b\u3002C \u91ab\u5e2b\u6709\u502b\u7406
\n\u8cac\u4efb\u4e0d\u53bb\u5ffd\u8996\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\u3002\u9996
\n\u5148\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u8cc7\u6df1\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u4e0d\u7576\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u61c9\u8868\u793a\u652f
\n\u6301\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u4e0d\u61c9\u5728\u91ab\u5e2b\u958b\u75c5\u60a3\u73a9\u7b11\u7684\u6642\u5019\u8ddf\u8457
\n\u7b11\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u89ba\u5f97\u8207\u90a3\u4f4d\u5916\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6b64\u4e8b\u6703\u6709
\n\u6240\u6539\u5584\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u8a72\u5982\u6b64\u505a\u3002\u5426\u5247\uff0c\u4ed6\u6216\u8a31\u5fc5
\n\u9808\u76f4\u63a5\u5411\u9662\u5167\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c64\u7684\u55ae\u4f4d\u6295\u8a34\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d
\n\u9858\u610f\u8655\u7406\u9019\u500b\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0cC \u91ab\u5e2b\u53ef\u806f\u7e6b\u9069\u7576\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u57f7\u7167\u7ba1\u5236\u6a5f\u69cb\uff0c\u8acb\u4ed6\u5011\u8457\u624b\u8abf\u67e5\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n101
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5e2b
\n\u8207
\n\u540c
\n\u5115
\n102
\nSleeping sickness is back
\n\u00a9 Robert Patric\/CORBIS SYGMA
\n\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0 \u502b\u7406\u8207\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n103
\n\u76ee\u6a19
\n\u8b80\u5b8c\u9019\u4e00\u7ae0\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u4f60\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u80fd\uff1a
\n\u25cf \u6307\u51fa\u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u5247
\n\u25cf \u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8207\u81e8\u5e8a\u7167\u8b77\u4e0a\u53d6\u5f97\u5e73\u8861
\n\u25cf \u7b26\u5408\u502b\u7406\u5be9\u67e5\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7684\u8981\u6c42
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n104
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u56db\uff09
\nR \u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u504f\u9060\u5c0f\u93ae\u7684\u5bb6\u91ab\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\u3002\u6709\u500b\u7d04\u50f1\u7684
\n\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u69cb\u627e\u5979\u53c3\u8207\u4e00\u500b\u6cbb\u7642\u9aa8\u95dc\u7bc0\u708e\u7684\u975e\u985e\u56fa
\n\u9187\u6b62\u75db\u85e5(NSAID)\u4e4b\u65b0\u85e5\u81e8\u5e8a\u8a66\u9a57\u8a08\u756b\uff0c\u5979\u6bcf\u5728
\n\u4e00\u500b\u75c5\u60a3\u8eab\u4e0a\u8a66\u9a57\u65b0\u85e5\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u62ff\u5230\u4e00\u7b46\u916c
\n\u52de\u3002\u9019\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u696d\u52d9\u4ee3\u8868\u5411\u5979\u4fdd\u8b49\uff0c\u9019\u500b
\n\u8a66\u9a57\u8a08\u756b\u5df2\u7d93\u5f97\u5230\u5305\u62ec\u91ab\u7642\u502b\u7406\u5be9\u67e5\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5728
\n\u5167\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8a31\u53ef\u3002R\u91ab\u5e2b\u4ee5\u524d\u5f9e\u672a\u53c3\u8207\u904e\u4eba\u9ad4\u8a66
\n\u9a57\uff0c\u89ba\u5f97\u9019\u500b\u6a5f\u6703\u975e\u5e38\u96e3\u5f97\uff0c\u66f4\u4f55\u6cc1\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709
\n\u984d\u5916\u7684\u6536\u5165\u3002\u65bc\u662fR\u91ab\u5e2b\u540c\u610f\u52a0\u5165\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u9032\u4e00\u6b65
\n\u8a62\u554f\u9019\u500b\u8a66\u9a57\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0a\u6216\u502b\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u8003\u91cf\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u6578\u5b78\u3001\u7269\u7406\u4e00\u822c\u7cbe\u78ba\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u3002\u96d6\u7136
\n\u5b83\u7684\u78ba\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u5247\u662f\u591a\u6578\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u4f46
\n\u662f\u6bcf\u500b\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u90fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c0d90%\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7642\u6cd5
\n\u5c0d\u53e6\u591610%\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u6548\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f
\n\u8a66\u9a57\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6700\u5ee3\u70ba\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u7642\u6cd5\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u53d7\u5230
\n\u76e3\u7763\u8a55\u4f30\uff0c\u4ee5\u78ba\u8a8d\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u5426\u5c0d\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u6709\u6548\u3001
\n\u5f9e\u800c\u5c0d\u4e00\u822c\u75c5\u60a3\u6709\u6548\uff0c
\n\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u529f\u80fd
\n\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u6bd4\u8f03\u5ee3\u70ba\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u767c\u5c55\u65b0
\n\u7642\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u85e5\u54c1\u3001\u91ab\u7642\u5668\u6750\u8207\u5916\u79d1\u6280\u8853\u65b9\u9762\u3002
\n\u904e\u53bb\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u9019\u500b\u9818\u57df\u5df2\u6709\u9577\u8db3\u7684\u9032\u6b65\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u6b63\u5728
\n\u9032\u884c\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u6bd4\u5f9e\u524d\u66f4\u591a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u4eba\u9ad4
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u91ab\u5b78\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a
\n\u662f\u8a66\u9a57\u6027\u7684\u3002\u300d
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76 ( \u56db )
\nR \u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u504f\u9060\u5c0f\u93ae\u7684\u5bb6\u91ab\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\u3002\u6709\u500b\u7d04\u50f1\u7684
\n\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u69cb\u627e\u5979\u53c3\u8207\u4e00\u500b\u6cbb\u7642\u9aa8\u95dc\u7bc0\u708e\u7684\u975e\u985e\u56fa
\n\u9187\u6b62\u75db\u85e5 (NSAID) \u4e4b\u65b0\u85e5\u81e8\u5e8a\u8a66\u9a57\u8a08\u756b\uff0c\u5979
\n\u6bcf\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u75c5\u60a3\u8eab\u4e0a\u8a66\u9a57\u65b0\u85e5\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u62ff\u5230\u4e00\u7b46
\n\u916c\u52de\u3002\u9019\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u696d\u52d9\u4ee3\u8868\u5411\u5979\u4fdd\u8b49\uff0c\u9019
\n\u500b\u8a66\u9a57\u8a08\u756b\u5df2\u7d93\u5f97\u5230\u5305\u62ec\u91ab\u7642\u502b\u7406\u5be9\u67e5\u59d4\u54e1\u6703
\n\u5728\u5167\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8a31\u53ef\u3002R \u91ab\u5e2b\u4ee5\u524d\u5f9e\u672a\u53c3\u8207\u904e\u4eba\u9ad4
\n\u8a66\u9a57\uff0c\u89ba\u5f97\u9019\u500b\u6a5f\u6703\u975e\u5e38\u96e3\u5f97\uff0c\u66f4\u4f55\u6cc1\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5
\n\u6709\u984d\u5916\u7684\u6536\u5165\u3002\u65bc\u662f R \u91ab\u5e2b\u540c\u610f\u52a0\u5165\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u9032
\n\u4e00\u6b65\u8a62\u554f\u9019\u500b\u8a66\u9a57\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0a\u6216\u502b\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u8003
\n\u91cf\u3002
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u91ab\u5b78\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a
\n\u662f\u8a66\u9a57\u6027\u7684\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n105
\n\u529f\u80fd\u3001\u75be\u75c5\uff08\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u6211\u5011\u6240\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u6216\u662f\u65b0\u7684
\n\u75be\u75c5\uff09\u6210\u56e0\u8207\u6700\u4f73\u9810\u9632\u3001\u6cbb\u7652\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ecd\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6709
\n\u5f85\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u800c\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u56de\u7b54\u9019\u4e9b\u554f
\n\u984c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u9664\u4e86\u4fc3\u9032\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eba\u985e\u751f\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c
\n\u4e5f\u63a2\u8a0e\u8a31\u591a\u6709\u95dc\u4eba\u985e\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u75be\u75c5
\n\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u5b78\uff09\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u88dc\u52a9\u8207\u4f9b
\n\u61c9\uff08\u91ab\u7642\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76\uff09\u3001\u885b\u751f\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8207\u6587\u5316\u9762\u5411
\n\uff08\u91ab\u7642\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\uff09\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08\u6cd5\u5f8b\u91ab\u5b78legal
\nmedicine\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u502b\u7406\uff08\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\uff09\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8d0a\u52a9\u6a5f\u69cb
\n\u6f38\u6f38\u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u5e7e\u985e\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u8d0a\u52a9\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e26
\n\u8a2d\u6709\u975e\u751f\u7406\u91ab\u5b78\u985e\u7684\u5c08\u9580\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u756b\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u57f7\u696d\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76
\n\u6240\u6709\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u81e8\u5e8a\u57f7\u696d\u4e0a\u90fd\u6703\u7528\u5230\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6210
\n\u679c\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u8981\u7dad\u6301\u7a31\u8077\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u900f\u904e\u91ab\u5b78\u7e7c\u7e8c
\n\u6559\u80b2\uff08Continuing Medical Education\uff09\u8207\u5c08\u696d\u7e7c\u7e8c\u767c
\n\u5c55\uff08Continuing Professional Development\uff09\u8a08\u756b\u3001\u95b1
\n\u8b80\u91ab\u5b78\u671f\u520a\u4ee5\u53ca\u548c\u77e5\u8b58\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u4e92\u52d5\u5f80\u4f86\uff0c\u4f86
\n\u638c\u63e1\u5176\u57f7\u696d\u9818\u57df\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u4e0d
\n\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u77e5\u9053\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91cb\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u4e26\u61c9
\n\u7528\u5230\u75c5\u60a3\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c
\n\u5c0d\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5177\u5099\u57fa\u672c\u7684
\n\u719f\u6089\u5ea6\u4e43\u662f\u5728\u91ab\u7642\u57f7\u696d
\n\u4e0a\u7a31\u8077\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u7121
\n\u8ad6\u5728\u91ab\u5b78\u751f\u6216\u53d6\u5f97\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u300c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u4e0d
\n\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u77e5
\n\u9053\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91cb\u7814\u7a76\u7d50
\n\u679c \u4e26 \u61c9 \u7528 \u5230 \u75c5 \u60a3 \u8eab
\n\u4e0a\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u4e0d\u5f9e
\n\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u77e5\u9053\u8a72
\n\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91cb\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u4e26\u61c9
\n\u7528\u5230\u75c5\u60a3\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n106
\n\u8cc7\u683c\u5f8c\u7684\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u8981\u719f\u6089\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f
\n\u53c3\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u756b\u3002
\n\u57f7\u696d\u91ab\u5e2b\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u81e8\u5e8a\u8a66\u9a57\u3002\u65b0\u85e5
\n\u54c1\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u7d93\u904e\u5927\u91cf\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8207\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u6e2c\u8a66\uff0c\u624d\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u88ab\u653f\u5e9c\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\u6838\u53ef\u3002\u9019\u500b\u904e\u7a0b\u59cb\u65bc\u5be6\u9a57
\n\u5ba4\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u662f\u52d5\u7269\u8a66\u9a57\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8b49\u5be6\u7d50\u679c\u53ef\u884c\uff0c
\n\u5c31 \u6703 \u63a5 \u8457 \u9032 \u884c \u4e0b \u9762 \u56db \u500b \u81e8 \u5e8a \u7814 \u7a76 \u6b65 \u9a5f \uff08 \u6216 \u968e
\n\u6bb5\uff09\uff1a
\n\uf06c \u7b2c\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u8981\u78ba\u5b9a\u8a72\u85e5\u7269\u5728\u4eba\u9ad4\u4e2d\u767c\u751f
\n\u53cd\u61c9\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5291\u91cf\u3001\u85e5\u7269\u5728\u4eba\u9ad4\u5167\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3001\u85e5\u7269
\n\u662f\u5426\u6703\u7522\u751f\u6bd2\u6027\u6216\u6709\u5bb3\u53cd\u61c9\u3002\u9019\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u901a
\n\u5e38\u662f\u5c0d\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u4efd\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u81ea\u9858\u8005\u65bd\u884c\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u6703
\n\u7d66\u4ed6\u5011\u53c3\u8207\u8a66\u9a57\u7684\u916c\u52de\u3002
\n\uf06c \u7b2c\u4e8c\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5247\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u8a72\u85e5\u6240\u6b32\u6cbb\u7642\u7684\u75be
\n\u75c5\uff0c\u627e\u4e00\u7fa4\u60a3\u8005\u9032\u884c\u8a66\u9a57\u3002\u5176\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u8981\u78ba\u5b9a\u85e5
\n\u7269\u5c0d\u65bc\u8a72\u75be\u75c5\u662f\u5426\u6709\u76ca\u3001\u6709\u7121\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u5bb3\u526f\u4f5c
\n\u7528\u3002
\n\uf06c \u7b2c\u4e09\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u81e8\u5e8a\u8a66\u9a57\uff0c\u6703\u8b93\u5927\u91cf\u75c5\u60a3\u670d
\n\u7528\u6b64\u85e5\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u548c\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u85e5\u7269\uff08\u5982\u679c\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684
\n\u75be\u75c5\u6709\u5225\u7684\u85e5\u7269\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u53ca\/\u6216\u5b89\u6170\u5291\u4f5c\u6bd4\u8f03\u3002\u5982
\n\u679c \u53ef \u80fd \u7684 \u8a71 \uff0c \u9019 \u985e \u8a66 \u9a57 \u6700 \u597d \u662f \u300c \u96d9 \u76f2 \u7684 \u300d
\n\uff08double-blinded\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u8ddf\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u90fd\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u54ea\u4e9b\u4eba\u670d\u7528\u65b0\u85e5\u3001\u54ea\u4e9b\u4eba\u670d\u7528\u5c0d\u7167
\n\u85e5\u7269\u6216\u5b89\u6170\u5291\u3002
\n\uf06c \u7b2c\u56db\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5728\u85e5\u7269\u7d93\u8a31\u53ef\u4e26\u4e0a\u5e02\u4e4b\u5f8c\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n107
\n\u5728\u65b0\u85e5\u4e0a\u5e02\u5f8c\u524d\u5e7e\u5e74\uff0c\u6703\u89c0\u5bdf\u5b83\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u51fa\u73fe\u5728
\n\u5148\u524d\u5404\u968e\u6bb5\u4e2d\u6c92\u767c\u751f\u7684\u4f75\u767c\u75c7\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u88fd\u85e5\u516c
\n\u53f8\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u6709\u8208\u8da3\u4e86\u89e3\u958b\u7acb\u6b64\u85e5\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u4ee5\u53ca\u670d\u7528
\n\u6b64\u85e5\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u5c0d\u65bc\u8a72\u85e5\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002
\n\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u7531\u65bc\u9032\u884c\u4e2d\u7684\u8a66\u9a57\u4ef6\u6578\u6fc0\u589e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u5c0b
\n\u627e\u4e26\u5fb5\u52df\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u52a0\u5165\u8a66\u9a57\uff0c\u4ee5\u7b26\u5408\u7d71\u8a08\u4e0a\u7684
\n\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u8a66\u9a57\u7684\u4e3b\u6301\u4eba\uff08\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u9084\u662f\u88fd\u85e5\u516c\u53f8\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5176\u4ed6\u5f88\u591a\u91ab\u5e2b\uff08\u800c\u4e14\u5e38
\n\u5e38\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\uff09\u5e6b\u5fd9\u5fb5\u52df\u53d7\u8a66\u75c5\u60a3\u3002
\n\u96d6\u7136\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u53c3\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u7a2e\u53ef\u8cb4\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u4f46
\n\u662f\u8981\u9ad4\u8a8d\u8207\u907f\u514d\u67d0\u4e9b\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u8ddf\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u300c\u91ab\u2014\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u300d\u4e2d
\n\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u89d2\u8272\u548c\u5728\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u2014\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u300d\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u7684\u7814
\n\u7a76\u8005\u89d2\u8272\u537b\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u662f\u75c5\u60a3\u7684
\n\u5065\u5eb7\u53ca\u798f\u7949\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8cac\u4efb\u537b\u662f\u751f\u7522\u77e5
\n\u8b58\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u9ede\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u53ca\u798f\u7949\u6709\u5e6b\u52a9\uff0c
\n\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6c92\u5e6b\u52a9\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c
\n\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u89d2\u8272\u9593\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7522
\n\u751f \u885d \u7a81 \u3002 \u7576 \u885d \u7a81 \u767c \u751f
\n\u6642\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5fc5\u9808\u512a
\n\u5148\u65bc\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4ee5
\n\u4e0b\u5c07\u53ef\u6e05\u695a\u770b\u51fa\u9019\u5728\u57f7
\n\u696d\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u6db5\u3002
\n\u7d50\u5408\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u89d2\u8272\u9084\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u6f5b\u5728\u554f\u984c\u5c31\u662f\u5229\u76ca\u885d
\n\u7a81\u3002\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u500b\u7d93\u8cbb\u5145\u88d5\u7684\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u800c\u91ab\u5e2b\u901a\u5e38
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u5728\u300e\u91ab\u2014\u75c5\u95dc
\n\u4fc2\u300f\u4e2d\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u89d2\u8272\u548c
\n\u5728 \u300e \u7814 \u7a76 \u8005 \u2014 \u53d7 \u8a66
\n\u8005\u300f\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005
\n\u89d2\u8272\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u5728\u300e\u91ab\u2014\u75c5\u95dc
\n\u4fc2\u300f\u4e2d\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u89d2\u8272\u548c
\n\u5728\u300e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u2014\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u300f
\n\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u89d2\u8272
\n\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n108
\n\u90fd\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u53c3\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u7372\u5f97\u8a31\u591a\u5831\u916c\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u5fb5
\n\u52df\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u7684\u916c\u91d1\u3001\u50b3\u9001\u7814\u7a76\u8cc7\u6599\u4e4b\u8a2d\u5099\uff08\u5982\u96fb
\n\u8166\uff09\u3001\u7372\u9080\u53c3\u52a0\u6703\u8b70\u4ee5\u5c0d\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\u9032\u884c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3001\u53d7
\n\u5217\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f5c\u8005\u3002\u6709\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u8981
\n\u7372\u5f97\u9019\u4e9b\u5229\u76ca\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u9055\u80cc\u5176\u300c\u63d0\u4f9b\u75c5\u60a3\u773c\u524d\u6700\u4f73
\n\u6cbb\u7642\u300d\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u7274\u89f8\u75c5\u60a3\u300c\u7372\u5f97\u4e00\u5207\u5fc5\u8981
\n\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u597d\u80fd\u5c31\u53c3\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u8207\u5426\u4f5c\u51fa\u5145\u5206\u77e5\u60c5\u6c7a\u5b9a\u300d
\n\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u3002
\n\u9019\u4e9b\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u554f\u984c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u514b\u670d\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u502b\u7406\u50f9\u503c
\n\u89c0\uff08\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u53ca\u81ea\u4e3b\uff09\u4e5f\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76
\n\u8005\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u89d2\u8272\u9593\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u672c\u8cea\u6027\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u3002\u53ea
\n\u8981\u91ab\u5e2b\u660e\u767d\u4e26\u9075\u5b88\u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d
\n\u65bc\u53c3\u8207\u5c6c\u65bc\u81e8\u5e8a\u57f7\u696d\u4e4b\u4e00\u74b0\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u61c9\u8a72\u6c92\u6709
\n\u56f0\u96e3\u3002
\n\u502b\u7406\u8981\u6c42
\n\u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5247\u5982\u4eca\u5df2\u7a69\u56fa\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e26\u975e
\n\u5f9e\u904e\u53bb\u4ee5\u4f86\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u76f4\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u3001\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00
\n\u6642\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u5091\u51fa\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u54e1\u5728\u75c5\u60a3\u8eab\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u8a66
\n\u9a57\u6642\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u7d93\u904e\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u95dc\u5fc3\uff08\u5982\u679c\u6709
\n\u95dc\u5fc3\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u5fae\u4e4e\u5176\u5fae\uff09\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u798f\u7949\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5f9e\u4e8c\u5341
\n\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u5c31\u5df2\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u537b\u672a\u80fd\u9632\u6b62\u7d0d
\n\u7cb9\u5fb7\u570b\u7b49\u5730\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u8eab\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u660e\u986f\u9055\u53cd\u57fa
\n\u672c\u4eba\u6b0a\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u5f8c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e2d
\n\u6709\u4e9b\u5728\u5fb7\u570b\u7d10\u502b\u5821\u7684\u7279\u5225\u6cd5\u5ead\u53d7\u5230\u5be9\u5224\u3001\u5b9a\u7f6a\uff0c
\n\u5176\u5224\u6c7a\u4f9d\u64da\u5c31\u662f\u7d10\u502b\u5821\u5b88\u5247\uff08Nuremberg Code\uff09\uff0c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n109
\n\u8a72\u5b88\u5247\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u7576\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e4b
\n\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u5341\u9805\u539f\u5247\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u8981\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u6210\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u53d6\u5f97\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u9858\u540c\u610f\u3002
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u65bc 1947 \u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u8207\u7d10\u502b\u5821\u5b88\u5247\u7684\u8a02\u5b9a
\n\u540c\u4e00\u5e74\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u5275\u7acb\u8005\u9451\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927
\n\u6230\u524d\u548c\u5927\u6230\u671f\u9593\u767c\u751f\u7684\u9055\u53cd\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u7acb\u5373
\n\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\u4ee5\u78ba\u4fdd\u91ab\u5e2b\u81f3\u5c11\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u61c9\u76e1\u7684\u502b\u7406
\n\u7fa9\u52d9\u3002\u7d93\u904e\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u65bc 1954 \u5e74\u901a
\n\u904e \u4e00 \u7d44 \u300c \u7d66 \u53c3 \u8207 \u7814 \u7a76 \u53ca \u5be6 \u9a57 \u4eba \u54e1 \u7684 \u539f \u5247 \u300d
\n(Principles for Those in Research and Experimentation)\uff1b
\n\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u8a72\u6587\u4ef6\u7d93\u904e\u591a\u6b21\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u7d42\u65bc\u5728 1964
\n\u5e74\u901a\u904e\uff0c\u5b9a\u540d\u70ba\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00(DoH)\uff1b1975 \u5e74\u3001
\n1983 \u5e74\u30011989 \u5e74\u30011996 \u5e74\u3001 2000 \u5e74\u30012008 \u5e74\u548c
\n2013 \u5e74\u53c8\u5206\u5225\u518d\u505a\u4fee\u6b63\u3002\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u502b
\n\u7406\u7684\u7c21\u8981\u7e3d\u7d50\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e00\u822c\u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u53ca\u7814
\n\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u4e5f\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u70ba\u8a73\u76e1\u7684\u6587
\n\u4ef6\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5982\u570b\u969b\u91ab\u5b78\u79d1\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff08Council for
\nInternational Organizations of Medical Sciences \uff09 \u65bc
\n1993 \u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u30012002 \u5e74\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u300c\u6d89\u4eba\u9ad4\u8a66\u9a57\u4e4b\u751f\u7269
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u570b\u969b\u502b\u7406\u6e96\u5247\u300d\uff08International Ethical
\nGuidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human
\nSubjects\uff09\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5982\u82f1\u570b\u7d0d\u83f2\u723e\u5fb7\u751f\u547d\u502b\u7406\u59d4\u54e1\u6703
\n\uff08Nuffield Council on Bioethics\uff09\u65bc 2002 \u5e74\u6240\u63d0\u7684
\n\u300c\u958b\u767c\u4e2d\u570b\u5bb6\u6709\u95dc\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u502b\u7406\u300d\uff08The
\nEthics of Research Related to Healthcare in Developing
\nCountries\uff09\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n110
\n\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u3001\u9577\u5ea6\u3001\u4f5c\u8005\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5b83
\n\u5011\u5c0d\u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u4e4b\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5247\u537b\u6709\u6975\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u5171\u8b58\u3002\u8a31
\n\u591a\u570b\u5bb6\u53ca\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u90fd\u5df2\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\u4f75\u5165\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ca\/\u6216
\n\u898f\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u6709\u95dc\u85e5\u7269\u53ca\u91ab\u7642\u5668\u6750\u4e4b\u6838\u51c6\u7684
\n\u6cd5\u898f\uff09\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5f9e\u8d6b
\n\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e2d\u64f7\u53d6\u51fa\u7684\u3002
\n\u502b\u7406\u5be9\u67e5\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7684\u8a31\u53ef
\n\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u7b2c23\u689d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u51e1\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u985e\u70ba\u53d7\u8a66
\n\u8005\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u7531\u4e00\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u502b\u7406\u59d4\u54e1\u6703
\n\u9032\u884c\u8a08\u756b\u5be9\u67e5\u53ca\u6838\u53ef\uff0c\u59cb\u5f97\u9032\u884c\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8981\u53d6\u5f97
\n\u6838\u53ef\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u89e3\u91cb\u8a72\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u53ca\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8aaa\u660e\u5982\u4f55
\n\u62db\u52df\u7814\u7a76\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u53d6\u5f97\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u540c\u610f\u3001\u53c8\u5982\u4f55
\n\u4fdd\u8b77\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u7d93\u8cbb\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u4e26\u544a\u77e5
\n\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u65b9\u9762\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u885d\u7a81\u3002\u502b\u7406\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u53ef
\n\u80fd\u6703\u540c\u610f\u6240\u63d0\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u4fee\u6b63\u5f8c\u518d\u958b\u59cb\u57f7\u884c\uff0c
\n\u6216 \u8005 \u5b8c \u5168 \u4e0d \u540c \u610f \u8a72 \u8a08
\n\u5283\u3002\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u9084\u8981\u9032\u4e00\u6b65
\n\u76e3\u7763\u9032\u884c\u4e2d\u7684\u8a08\u5283\uff0c\u4ee5
\n\u78ba \u4fdd \u7814 \u7a76 \u8005 \u5c65 \u884c \u5176 \u7fa9
\n\u52d9\uff0c\u7576\u767c\u751f\u9810\u671f\u5916\u7684\u91cd
\n\u5927\u8ca0\u9762\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6642\uff0c\u59d4\u54e1\u6703
\n\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u6642\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e2d\u6b62\u8a72\u8a08
\n\u5283\u3002
\n\u8a08\u756b\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u9700\u8981\u7372\u5f97\u502b\u7406\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u8a31\u53ef\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0d
\n\u8ad6\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6216\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u53ca
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u51e1\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u985e\u70ba
\n\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c
\n\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u7531\u4e00\u7368\u7acb\u7684
\n\u502b\u7406\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u9032\u884c\u8a08\u756b
\n\u5be9\u67e5\u53ca\u6838\u53ef\uff0c\u59cb\u5f97\u9032
\n\u884c\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u51e1\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u985e\u70ba
\n\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c
\n\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u7531\u4e00\u7368\u7acb\u7684
\n\u502b\u7406\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u9032\u884c\u8a08\u756b
\n\u5be9\u67e5\u53ca\u6838\u53ef\uff0c\u59cb\u5f97\u9032
\n\u884c\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n111
\n\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u53bb\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8a08\u5283\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u53ca\u502b\u7406\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5426\u9069\u5207\u3002
\n\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5fc5\u9808\u5411\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u8b49\u660e\u8a72\u8a08\u5283\u503c\u5f97
\n\u9032\u884c\u3001\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u57f7\u884c\u5b83\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u76e1\u6700\u5927\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u4f86
\n\u4fdd\u8b77\u6e96\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u514d\u65bc\u53d7\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002
\n\u95dc\u65bc\u502b\u7406\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5be9\u67e5\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5c1a\u672a\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u8b70\u984c\uff0c
\n\u5c31\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u591a\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5171\u540c\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u8a08\u5283\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u7d93
\n\u904e\u5404\u5bb6\u53c3\u8207\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u8a31\u53ef\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5fc3
\n\u7684\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u6838\u6e96\u5c31\u5920\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8a2d\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684
\n\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u8981\u6c42\u5404\u570b\u90fd\u8981\u9032\u884c\u5be9\u67e5\u3001\u6838\u53ef\u3002
\n\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u76ca\u8655
\n\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u7b2c21\u689d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ee5\u4eba\u985e\u70ba\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u7684
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u6839\u64da\u3002\u6b64\u8981\u6c42\u662f
\n\u70ba\u4e86\u5254\u9664\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u9069\u7576\u800c\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u7684\u8a08
\n\u5283\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5373\u4f7f\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u6703\u7522\u751f\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u4e4b\u6210\u679c
\n\u7684\u8a08\u756b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8981\u8acb\u75c5\u60a3\u53c3
\n\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u5283\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u9810\u671f
\n\u8a08\u756b\u80fd\u5f97\u51fa\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5
\n\u8b58\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u50b7\u5bb3\u98a8\u96aa\u5f88\u4f4e
\n\u7684\u8a08\u756b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002
\n\u70ba\u4e86\u78ba\u4fdd\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u7b2c21\u689d\u898f\u5b9a\u8a08\u5283\u5fc5\u9808
\n\u6839\u64da\u5c0d\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u737b\u53ca\u5148\u524d\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u8a8d\u8b58\uff0c\u82e5\u60c5\u6cc1
\n\u5408\u9069\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u6709\u52d5\u7269\u8a66\u9a57\u986f\u793a\u6709\u826f\u597d\u7684\u7406\u7531\u9810\u671f\u6240
\n\u63d0\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u63aa\u65bd\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u4e5f\u6709\u6548\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u5be6\u9a57\u90fd
\n\u9808\u9075\u5b88\u300c\u6e1b\u5c11\u6240\u7528\u7684\u52d5\u7269\u6578\u76ee\u300d\u3001\u300c\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981
\n\u75db\u82e6\u300d\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6e96\u5247\u3002\u7b2c12\u689d\u53c8\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e00\u9805\u8981\u6c42\u2014\u2014
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u4ee5\u4eba\u985e\u70ba\u53d7\u8a66
\n\u8005\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808
\n\u8981 \u6709 \u5408 \u7406 \u7684 \u79d1 \u5b78 \u6839
\n\u64da\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u4ee5\u4eba\u985e\u70ba\u53d7\u8a66
\n\u8005\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808
\n\u8981 \u6709 \u5408 \u7406 \u7684 \u79d1 \u5b78 \u6839
\n\u64da\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n112
\n\u53ea \u6709 \u7d93 \u904e \u79d1 \u5b78 \u8a13 \u7df4 \u3001 \u5f9e \u800c \u5177 \u5099 \u76f8 \u95dc \u8cc7 \u683c \u7684 \u4eba
\n\uff08scientifically qualified persons\uff09\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u4eba\u985e\u53d7\u8a66
\n\u8005\u9032\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u502b\u7406\u5be9\u67e5\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5728\u6838\u51c6\u8a08\u5283\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5
\n\u9808\u78ba\u4fe1\u8a08\u756b\u7b26\u5408\u9019\u4e9b\u689d\u4ef6\u3002
\n\u793e\u6703\u50f9\u503c
\n\u95dc\u65bc\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u5283\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6bd4\u8f03\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c
\n\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\uff1a\u5b83\u8981\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u798f\u7949\u6709\u8ca2\u737b\u3002\u904e
\n\u53bb\u5927\u5bb6\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u9032\u5c55\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u53ef\u8cb4
\n\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4f86\u8b49\u6210\u5176\u53ef\u8cb4\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531
\n\u65bc\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u8cc7
\n\u6e90\u6f38\u6f38\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u5728\u5224\u65b7\u8a72
\n\u4e0d\u8a72\u6838\u51c6\u4e00\u8a08\u756b\u6642\uff0c\u793e
\n\u6703\u50f9\u503c\u958b\u59cb\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u9805\u91cd
\n\u8981\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002
\n\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u7b2c16\u300120 \u689d\u986f\u7136\u8d0a\u6210\u5728\u8a55\u4f30\u662f\u5426
\n\u6838\u51c6\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u5283\u6642\uff0c\u61c9\u8003\u91cf\u5176\u793e\u6703\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u8a08\u5283\u76ee
\n\u6a19\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u793e\u6703\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u5927\u904e\u53d7\u8a66\u8005
\n\u6240\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u548c\u8ca0\u64d4\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u65bd\u884c\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u61c9
\n\u8a72\u8981\u80fd\u81ea\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u7372\u76ca\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d7\u8a66\u8005
\n\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5c0d\u5f85\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u548c\u4e0d\u9069\u662f\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u5728\u627f\u64d4\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u85e5\u7269\u537b\u53ea\u8b93\u5225\u5730
\n\u65b9\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u53d7\u76ca\uff1b\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u524d\u8ff0\u8b70\u984c\u5c24\u5176\u91cd
\n\u8981\u3002
\n\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u793e\u6703\u50f9\u503c\u8981\u6bd4\u5176\u79d1\u5b78\u50f9\u503c\u66f4\u96e3\u78ba\u5b9a\uff0c
\n\u4f46\u300c\u5f88\u96e3\u78ba\u5b9a\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u69cb\u6210\u5ffd\u7565\u5b83\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8005
\n\u53ca\u502b\u7406\u5be9\u67e5\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5fc5\u9808\u78ba\u4fdd\u75c5\u60a3\u4e0d\u6703\u906d\u53d7\u5c0d\u793e\u6703
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u5728\u5224\u65b7\u8a72\u4e0d\u8a72
\n\u88dc\u52a9\u4e00\u8a08\u756b\u6642\uff0c\u793e\u6703
\n\u50f9\u503c\u958b\u59cb\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u9805\u91cd
\n\u8981\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u5728\u5224\u65b7\u8a72\u4e0d\u8a72
\n\u88dc\u52a9\u4e00\u8a08\u756b\u6642\uff0c\u793e\u6703
\n\u50f9\u503c\u958b\u59cb\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u9805\u91cd
\n\u8981\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n113
\n\u6beb\u7121\u7528\u8655\u7684\u8a66\u9a57\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u4fbf\u6703\u6d6a\u8cbb\u73cd\u8cb4\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7
\n\u6e90\uff0c\u8b93\u539f\u672c\u662f\u4fc3\u9032\u4eba\u985e\u5065\u5eb7\u798f\u7947\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u540d
\n\u8072\u53d7\u5230\u7834\u58de\u3002
\n\u98a8\u96aa\u8207\u5229\u76ca
\n\u4e00\u65e6\u78ba\u5b9a\u4e86\u8a08\u5283\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u793e\u6703\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u7814\u7a76
\n\u8005\u63a5\u8457\u5fc5\u9808\u8b49\u660e\uff1a\u96d6\u7136\u8a72\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u80fd\u751a\u81f3\u7121\u6cd5\u8b93\u53d7
\n\u8a66\u8005\u5f9e\u4e2d\u53d7\u60e0\uff0c\u4f46\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4e0d\u5408
\n\u7406\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u9810\u671f\u7522\u751f\u7684\u597d\u8655\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u98a8
\n\u96aa\u662f\u6307\u767c\u751f\u4e0d\u826f\u7d50\u679c(\u50b7\u5bb3)\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u5169\u500b\u5167
\n\u5bb9\uff1a(1) \u767c\u751f\u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027(\u5f9e\u6700\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5230\u6700\u6709\u53ef
\n\u80fd) (2) \u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u7a0b\u5ea6(\u5f9e\u6975\u8f15\u5fae\u5230\u6c38\u4e45\u56b4\u91cd\u6b98\u969c
\n\u6216\u6b7b\u4ea1)\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u597d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u5283\u82e5\u6709\u6975\u4f4e\u98a8\u96aa\u7522\u751f\u6975
\n\u8f15\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4f46\u8207\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u6975
\n\u7aef\u60c5\u5f62\u2014\u2014\u8a08\u756b\u82e5\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u751f\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c\u5247\u9664\u975e
\n\u8a72\u8a08\u5283\u70ba\u6cbb\u7642\u672b\u671f\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u8981\u4e0d\u7136\u662f
\n\u4e0d\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u4ecb\u65bc\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5169\u7a2e\u6975\u7aef\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u60c5
\n\u5f62\uff0c\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u7b2c17\u300118\u689d\u8981\u6c42\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8981\u9069\u7576
\n\u5730\u8a55\u4f30\u98a8\u96aa\uff0c\u4e26\u78ba\u5b9a\u90a3
\n\u4e9b\u98a8\u96aa\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u3002
\n\u5982\u679c\u5c0d\u98a8\u96aa\u5b8c\u5168\u672a\u77e5\uff0c
\n\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u61c9\u8a72\u7b49\u5230\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97
\n\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u52d5\u7269\u8a66\u9a57
\n\u7b49\u53ef\u9760\u8cc7\u6599\u5f8c\uff0c\u624d\u958b\u59cb
\n\u57f7\u884c\u8a08\u5283\u3002
\n\u300c\u5982\u679c\u5c0d\u98a8\u96aa\u5b8c\u5168\u672a
\n\u77e5\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u61c9\u8a72\u7b49\u5230
\n\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u53ef\u9760\u8cc7\u6599\u5f8c\uff0c
\n\u624d\u958b\u59cb\u57f7\u884c\u8a08\u5283\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u5982\u679c\u5c0d\u98a8\u96aa\u5b8c\u5168\u672a
\n\u77e5\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u61c9\u8a72\u7b49\u5230
\n\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u53ef\u9760\u8cc7\u6599\u5f8c\uff0c
\n\u624d\u958b\u59cb\u57f7\u884c\u8a08\u5283\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n114
\n\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f
\n\u7d10\u502b\u5821\u5b88\u5247\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u689d\u539f\u5247\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u4eba\u985e\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u7684\u81ea
\n\u9858\u540c\u610f\u662f\u7d55\u5c0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u300d\u5728\u6b64\u539f\u5247\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u6587
\n\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u53d7\u8a66\u8005
\n\u300c\u61c9\u5c0d\u76f8\u95dc\u4e8b\u52d9\u7684\u5167\u5bb9
\n\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u548c\u7406\u89e3\uff0c
\n\u4ee5\u80fd\u4f5c\u51fa\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u77e5\u60c5\u5f8c
\n\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u300d
\n\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u5c0d\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8a73\u76e1\u7684\u898f\u5b9a\u3002\u7b2c
\n26\u689d\u898f\u5b9a\u7814\u7a76\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u5c0d\u65bc\u662f\u5426\u53c3\u8207\u4f5c\u51fa\u77e5\u60c5\u6c7a\u5b9a
\n\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e8b\u9805\u3002\u7b2c27\u689d\u5247\u63d0\u9192\u6ce8\u610f\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u65bd
\n\u58d3\u4f7f\u5176\u53c3\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u90a3\u6a23\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c
\n\u5176\u540c\u610f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u81ea\u9858\u7684\u3002\u7b2c28\u523030\u689d\u5247\u91dd\u5c0d
\n\u7121\u6cd5\u884c\u4f7f\u540c\u610f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d7\u8a66\u8005(\u5c0f\u5b69\u3001\u91cd\u5ea6\u5fc3\u667a\u969c\u7919
\n\u8005\u3001\u55aa\u5931\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u75c5\u60a3)\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u9084\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u7814\u7a76
\n\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u9650\u5236\u8f03\u56b4\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\u63a5\u53d7\u7814
\n\u7a76\u3002
\n\u5c31\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u7684\u6587\u737b\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e5f
\n\u5efa\u8b70\u8b93\u7814\u7a76\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u7c3d\u7f72\u300c\u540c\u610f\u66f8\u300d\uff0c\u4ee5\u8b49\u660e\u53d6\u5f97
\n\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f(\u7b2c26\u689d)\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u502b\u7406\u5be9\u67e5\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u90fd\u8981\u6c42\u7814
\n\u7a76\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u9810\u5099\u5728\u57f7\u884c\u8a08\u5283\u6642\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u540c\u610f\u66f8\u3002\u6709\u4e9b
\n\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u540c\u610f\u66f8\u5df2\u7d93\u8b8a\u5f97\u592a\u9577\u3001\u592a\u8a73\u7d30\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u7121\u6cd5
\n\u518d\u9054\u5230\u8b93\u7814\u7a76\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u77ad\u89e3\u8a08\u5283\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u7121\u8ad6
\n\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5fb5\u6c42\u77e5\u60c5\u540c\u610f\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u7c3d\u540c\u610f\u66f8\u70ba\u958b
\n\u59cb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u7c3d\u7f72\u540c\u610f\u66f8\u70ba\u7d50\u675f\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u9808\u5c31\u8a08\u5283
\n\u300c\u4eba\u985e\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u9858
\n\u540c \u610f \u662f \u7d55 \u5c0d \u5fc5 \u8981
\n\u7684\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u4eba\u985e\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u7684\u81ea\u9858
\n\u540c\u610f\u662f\u7d55\u5c0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n115
\n\u672c\u8eab\u53ca\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u53c3\u8207\u8a08\u756b\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u7d66\u4e88\u8a73\u76e1\u7684
\n\u53e3\u982d\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u544a\u8a34\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea
\n\u7531\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u6642\u5019\u64a4\u9664\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u8a08\u5283\u958b\u59cb\u9032\u884c\u4e86
\n\u4e5f\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u6b64\u906d\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u7684\u5831\u5fa9\uff0c\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u800c\u6253\u6298\u6263(\u7b2c
\n31\u689d)\u3002
\n\u4fdd\u5bc6
\nEthical Considerations Regarding Health Databases)\u4e2d
\n\u5c0d\u6b64\u4e3b\u984c\u6709\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u6307\u5f15\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u548c\u81e8\u5e8a\u7167
\n\u8b77\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u5065\u5eb7\u8cc7\u6599\u90fd\u6709\u96b1\u79c1
\n\u6b0a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u81e8\u5e8a\u7167\u8b77\u7684\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u9700\u8981\u5c07
\n\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u500b\u4eba\u5065\u5eb7\u8cc7\u6599\u5411\u4ed6\u4eba\u516c\u958b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u66f4\u5ee3\u5927
\n\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u5019\u9084\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u4e00\u822c\u5927\u773e\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd
\n\u8b77\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5fc5\u9808\u78ba\u4fdd\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u5728\u77e5\u60c5
\n\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5df2\u540c\u610f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u500b\u4eba
\n\u5065\u5eb7\u8cc7\u6599\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5fc5\u9808\u4e8b\u5148\u4fbf\u544a\u8a34\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u5176
\n\u8cc7\u6599\u5c07\u6703\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8cc7\u6599\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u53bb
\n\u9664\u500b\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5132\u5b58\u53ca\u50b3\u9001\u6642\u90fd\u61c9\u52a0\u5bc6\u3002\u4e16\u754c
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5728\u5176\u300c\u5065\u5eb7\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u4e4b\u502b\u7406\u8003\u91cf\u5ba3\u8a00\u300d
\n(Declaration on Ethical
\nConsiderations Regarding
\nHealth Databases ) \u4e2d\u5c0d\u6b64
\n\u4e3b\u984c\u6709\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u6307\u5f15\u3002
\n\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u2026\u2026\u5c0d
\n\u500b\u4eba\u5065\u5eb7\u8cc7\u6599\u6709\u96b1\u79c1
\n\u6b0a\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u2026\u2026\u5c0d
\n\u500b\u4eba\u5065\u5eb7\u8cc7\u6599\u6709\u96b1\u79c1
\n\u6b0a\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n116
\n\u89d2\u8272\u4e0a\u7684\u885d\u7a81
\n\u672c\u7ae0\u5148\u524d\u66fe\u7d93\u63d0\u5230\uff1a\u5373\u4f7f\u91ab\u5e2b\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u500b
\n\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u300c\u91ab\u2014\u75c5\u95dc\u4fc2\u300d\u4e2d\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u89d2\u8272\u8207\u5728\u300c\u7814
\n\u7a76\u8005\u2014\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u95dc\u4fc2\u300d\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u89d2\u8272\u537b\u662f\u4e0d\u540c
\n\u7684\u3002\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5ba3\u8a00\u7b2c14 \u689d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u72c0\u6cc1\u6642\uff0c
\n\u5fc5\u9808\u4ee5\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u512a\u5148\u3002\u5176\u610f\u6db5\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5982\u679c
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u770b\u4f86\u5c0d\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u5f0f\u53cd\u61c9\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u8a08\u5283\u9700
\n\u8981\u5c07\u75c5\u60a3\u96a8\u6a5f\u5206\u914d\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7642\u6cd5\u53ca\/\u6216\u5b89\u6170\u5291\u7684\u53d7\u8a66
\n\u7d44\u5225\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u91ab\u5e2b\u9808\u80fd\u5efa\u8b70\u75c5\u60a3\u5225\u53c3\u52a0\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u5283\u3002
\n\u53ea\u6709\u7576\u91ab\u5e2b\u57fa\u65bc\u78ba\u5be6\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u7531\u4ecd\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u5426\u548c\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u65b0\u7642\u6cd5\u6216\u751a\u81f3
\n\u5b89\u6170\u5291\u4e00\u6a23\u5408\u9069\uff0c\u624d\u61c9\u9080\u8acb\u75c5\u60a3\u52a0\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u5283\u3002
\n\u8aa0\u5be6\u5831\u544a\u7d50\u679c
\n\u8981\u6c42\u6b63\u78ba\u5831\u544a\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u672c\u4f86\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u591a\u6b64\u4e00\u8209\uff0c\u4f46
\n\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u767c\u8868\u65b9\u9762\u51fa\u73fe\u592a\u591a\u4e0d\u8aa0
\n\u5be6\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6284\u8972(plagiarism)\u3001\u634f\u9020\u8cc7\u6599(data
\nfabrication)\u3001\u91cd\u8907\u767c\u8868(duplicate authorship)\u53ca\u300c\u639b
\n\u540d\u300d\u4f5c\u8005(\u2018gift\u2019 authorship)\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u505a\u6cd5\u81f3\u5c11
\n\u5728\u88ab\u63ed\u9732\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u5c0d\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6709\u76ca\u7684\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u537b\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c
\n\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u5831\u544a\u4e0d\u7cbe\u78ba\u6216\u6709\u932f\u800c
\n\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\uff1b\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u80fd
\n\u6d6a\u8cbb\u5f88\u591a\u6642\u9593\u53ca\u8cc7\u6e90\u63a5\u8457\u505a\u5f8c\u7e8c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n117
\n\u8209\u767c(Whistle-blowing)
\n\u70ba\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u767c\u751f\u9055\u53cd\u502b\u7406\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u6216\u4e8b\u5f8c\u80fd\u52a0
\n\u4ee5\u63ed\u767c\uff0c\u51e1\u662f\u5c0d\u9019\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u5411\u9069
\n\u7576\u7684\u4e3b\u7ba1\u55ae\u4f4d\u63ed\u767c\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u5730\uff0c\u8209\u767c\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u4e26\u4e0d\u7e3d
\n\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u6703\u90a3\u9ebc\u505a\uff0c\u8209\u767c\u4eba\u6709\u6642
\n\u9084\u56e0\u70ba\u5617\u8a66\u63ed\u767c\u4e0d\u5c0d\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u800c\u88ab\u8655\u7f70\u6216\u5b64\u7acb\u3002\u60df
\n\u9019\u7a2e\u614b\u5ea6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6b63\u5728\u8f49\u8b8a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u548c\u653f\u5e9c
\n\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u6f38\u6f38\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5075\u67e5\u3001\u8655\u7f70\u9055\u53cd\u502b\u7406\u7684
\n\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e5f\u958b\u59cb\u80af\u5b9a\u8209\u767c\u4eba\u5c0d\u9054\u6210\u9019\u9805\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u91cd\u8981
\n\u6027\u3002
\n\u7814\u7a76\u5718\u968a\u4e2d\u50cf\u91ab\u5b78\u751f\u7b49\u8f03\u8cc7\u6dfa\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u89ba
\n\u5f97\u8981\u53bb\u61f7\u7591\u7814\u7a76\u9055\u53cd\u502b\u7406\u662f\u6975\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u6703\u89ba\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5224\u65b7\u8cc7\u6df1\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u884c
\n\u70ba\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u8aaa\u51fa\u4f86\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u8655\u5206\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u81f3\u5c11\u61c9\u62d2\u7d55\u53c3\u8207\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u660e\u986f\u9055\u53cd\u502b\u7406\u7684\u505a
\n\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5c0d\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u8aaa\u8b0a\u6216\u634f\u9020\u8cc7\u6599\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u767c
\n\u73fe\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u505a\u9019\u7a2e\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u533f\u540d\u7684\u65b9
\n\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u63a1\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u63a1\u53d6\u7684\u6b65\u9a5f\uff0c\u4f86\u901a\u77e5\u76f8
\n\u95dc\u4e3b\u7ba1\u6a5f\u95dc\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n118
\n\u5c1a\u672a\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u8b70\u984c
\n\u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5404\u500b
\n\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u6709\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5171\u8b58\u3002
\n\u96a8\u8457\u91ab\u7642\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u9032
\n\u6b65\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u907a\u50b3\u5b78\u3001\u795e
\n\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u5668\u5b98\u53ca\u7d44\u7e54\u79fb
\n\u690d\u7b49\u9818\u57df\u7684\u9032\u5c55\uff09\uff0c\u76f8\u95dc\u6280\u8853\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ca\u7642\u6cd5\u662f\u5426
\n\u70ba\u502b\u7406\u4e0a\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u4e5f\u7522\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u5c1a\u7121\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u502b\u7406
\n\u554f\u984c\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u820a\u8b70\u984c\u4e5f\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u502b\u7406\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u4e3b
\n\u984c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u4f55\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u81e8\u5e8a\u8a66\u9a57\u624d\u61c9\u8a72\u8a2d\u7f6e\u5b89
\n\u6170\u5291\u5c0d\u7167\u7d44\uff1f\u5c0d\u65bc\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u53c8\u61c9\u6301\u7e8c\u63d0
\n\u4f9b\u54ea\u4e9b\u7167\u8b77\uff1f\u5f9e\u5168\u7403\u7684\u5c64\u7d1a\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684
\n10\/90\u9d3b\u6e9d\uff0810\/90 gap\uff09\u4e5f\u986f\u7136\u662f\u5c1a\u672a\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u502b\u7406
\n\u8b70\u984c\uff0810\/90\u9d3b\u6e9d\u662f\u6307\uff1a\u5168\u7403\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d93\u8cbb\u53ea\u670910%
\n\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u63a2\u8a0e\u5f71\u97ff\u5168\u740390%\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u554f\u984c)\u3002\u800c\u7576
\n\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5728\u8655\u7406\u8cc7\u6e90\u5331\u4e4f\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u554f\u984c\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5e38\u6703
\n\u56e0\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u8207\u5de5\u4f5c\u6240\u5728\u5730\u5340\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u502b\u7406\u89c0\u9ede\u6709\u6b67\u7570
\n\u800c\u7522\u751f\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u8b70\u984c\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5171\u8b58\u5f62\u6210\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c
\n\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u662f\u5fc5\u9808\u7684\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u6f5b\u5728\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u3001\u91ab
\n\u5b78\u751f\u9084\u6709\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u672c\u8eab\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ecd\u662f\u53ef\u8cb4\u800c\u503c\u5f97\u8ffd\u6c42
\n\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u548c\u91ab\u5b78\u751f\u4e5f\u8a72\u8003\u616e\u6210\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u53d7\u8a66
\n\u8005\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u80fd\u77ad\u89e3\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u2014\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u95dc\u4fc2\u300d
\n\u4e2d\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u3002
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u5168\u7403\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d93
\n\u8cbb\u53ea\u6709 10%\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u63a2
\n\u8a0e\u5f71\u97ff\u5168\u7403 90%\u4eba\u53e3
\n\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u554f\u984c\u300d
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u5168\u7403\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d93
\n\u8cbb\u53ea\u6709 10% \u662f\u7528\u4f86\u63a2
\n\u8a0e\u5f71\u97ff\u5168\u7403 90% \u4eba\u53e3
\n\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u554f\u984c\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n119
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u56de\u9867
\nR \u91ab\u5e2b\u4e0d\u8a72\u9019\u9ebc\u5feb\u7b54\u61c9\u59d4\u8a17\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u9080\u8acb\u3002
\n\u5979\u61c9\u8a72\u5148\u591a\u6536\u96c6\u4e00\u9ede\u95dc\u65bc\u8a72\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u78ba\u5b9a
\n\u5b83\u7b26\u5408\u5408\u4e4e\u502b\u7406\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u5979\u61c9
\n\u8a72\u8981\u6c42\u95b1\u8b80\u9001\u4ea4\u502b\u7406\u5be9\u67e5\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7684\u8a08\u756b\u66f8\uff0c\u4ee5
\n\u53ca\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5c0d\u8a72\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8a55\u8ad6\u6216\u689d\u4ef6\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5979
\n\u53ea\u61c9\u8a72\u53c3\u8207\u5c6c\u65bc\u5979\u57f7\u696d\u9818\u57df\u7684\u8a08\u5283\uff0c\u800c\u8a08\u5283\u5728
\n\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u793e\u6703\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u80fd\u8aaa\u670d\u5979\u3002\u5982
\n\u679c\u5979\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u8a55\u4f30\u8a72\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6c92\u6709\u628a\u63e1\uff0c\u5c31\u61c9
\n\u8a72\u5fb5\u8a62\u5728\u8f03\u5927\u578b\u91ab\u5b78\u4e2d\u5fc3\u670d\u52d9\u4e4b\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u610f\u898b\u3002
\n\u5979\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u78ba\u4fdd\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5408\u4e4e\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5229
\n\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u6709\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u5c07\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u65b9
\n\u5f0f\u6539\u6210\u5be6\u9a57\u6027\u6cbb\u7642\u6216\u5b89\u6170\u5291\u800c\u53d7\u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c
\n\u624d\u6703\u5fb5\u52df\u4ed6\u5011\u4f86\u7576\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u3002\u5979\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u80fd\u5411\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u8aaa\u660e\u5404\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u597d\u8b93\u75c5\u60a3\u80fd\u5145\u5206\u77e5\u60c5\u5730\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8981
\n\u4e0d\u8981\u53c3\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5979\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u540c\u610f\u62db\u52df\u4e00\u5b9a\u6578\u76ee\u7684
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u4f86\u7576\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0e\u81f4\u5979\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u65bd\u58d3\uff0c\u597d\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u505a\u51fa\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u9084\u662f\u9055\u53cd\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u5979\u61c9\u8a72\u4ed4\u7d30\u89c0\u5bdf\u53c3\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\uff0c
\n\u770b\u662f\u5426\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9810\u6599\u5916\u7684\u8ca0\u9762\u4e8b\u4ef6\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u4e26\u96a8\u6642
\n\u6e96\u5099\u597d\u63a1\u53d6\u7dca\u6025\u7684\u77ef\u6b63\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u7576\u7814\u7a76\u6210
\n\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u6642\uff0c\u5979\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u5c07\u6210\u679c\u544a\u8a34\u75c5\u60a3\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u7814
\n\u7a76
\n120
\nMan Hiking on Steep Incline
\n\u00a9 Don Mason\/CORBIS
\n\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0 \u7d50\u8ad6
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7d50
\n\u8ad6
\n121
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7d50
\n\u8ad6
\n122
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u8207\u7279\u6b0a
\n\u672c\u624b\u518a\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u8ac7\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684
\n\u8cac\u4efb\u8207\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u9019\u78ba\u5be6\u662f
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5167\u5bb9\u3002
\n\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u4e00
\n\u6a23\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u4e5f\u6709\u6b0a
\n\u5229\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u4e0d\u8003\u616e\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff08\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u75c5\u60a3\u3001
\n\u793e\u6703\u6216\u540c\u4e8b\uff09\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u5c0d\u5f85\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u5c31\u4e0d\u5920\u5b8c
\n\u6574\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5df2\u7d93\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0
\n\u70ba\u8a31\u591a\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u5728\u57f7\u696d\u4e0a\u90fd\u500d\u611f\u632b\u6298\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f
\n\u56e0\u70ba\u662f\u8cc7\u6e90\u6709\u9650\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u8207\/\u6216\u6cd5\u4eba\u5718\u9ad4\u5c0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u91ab\u7642
\n\u7167\u8b77\u9032\u884c\u7d30\u90e8\u7ba1\u63a7\uff08micro-management\uff09\u3001\u5a92\u9ad4\u5728
\n\u5831\u5c0e\u91ab\u7642\u932f\u8aa4\u53ca\u91ab\u5e2b\u9055\u53cd\u502b\u7406\u4e4b\u884c\u70ba\u6642\u6975\u76e1\u717d\u60c5
\n\u4e4b\u80fd\u4e8b\u3001\u6216\u662f\u75c5\u60a3\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u4eba\u54e1\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u6b0a
\n\u5a01\u8207\u6280\u8853\u7684\u8cea\u7591\u7b49\u3002
\n\u904e\u53bb\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u8207\u7fa9\u52d9\u90fd\u6709\u8003\u616e\u3002
\n\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\uff08\u5982\u7f8e\u570b\u91ab\u5b78\u67031847\u5e74\u7248\u672c\u7684\u5b88
\n\u5247\uff09\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u75c5\u60a3\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u5927\u773e\u5c0d\u91ab\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\u61c9\u76e1\u7684\u7fa9
\n\u52d9\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u7fa9\u52d9\u591a\u534a\u904e\u6642\u4e86\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u75c5\u60a3\u5c0d\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u7684\u8655\u65b9\u61c9\u7acb\u5373\u3001\u7d55\u5c0d\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5\u9075\u5b88\uff0c\u7d55\u4e0d\u61c9\u6191\u8457
\n\u81ea\u5df1\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u8655\u65b9\u5408\u9069\u8207\u5426\u7684\u7c97\u7cd9\u898b\u89e3\uff0c\u4f86\u5f71\u97ff\u5c0d
\n\u9019\u4e9b\u8655\u65b9\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u300d\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u6548\u7684
\n\u90e8\u5206\u2014\u2014\u300c\u5927\u773e\u2026\u5c0d\u91ab\u5b78\u8cc7\u6b77\u61c9\u8a72\u62b1\u6301\u9069\u5ea6\u7684\u6b23
\n\u8cde\u2026\u5c0d\u65bc\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u5be6\u65bd\u61c9\u7d66\u4e88\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u9f13\u52f5\u8207\u5354
\n\u52a9\u300d\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5c31\u9019\u4e9b\u7ae0\u7bc0\u505a\u4fee
\n\u6b63\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5c07\u5b83\u5011\u5f9e\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247\u4e2d\u522a\u6389\u3002
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u5c31\u50cf\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba
\n\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u4e5f
\n\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u300d
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u5c31\u50cf\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba
\n\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\u4e5f
\n\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7d50
\n\u8ad6
\n123
\n\u904e\u53bb\u6578\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5df2\u7d93\u91dd\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u6b0a\u5229\u4ee5\u53ca
\n\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\uff09\u76f8\u5c0d\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u6578
\n\u7bc7\u653f\u7b56\u8072\u660e\uff1a
\n\uf06c 1984\u5e74\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u51fa\u5e2d\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u8b70\u8072\u660e\u300d(Statement on
\nFreedom to Attend Medical Meetings) \u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u7121\u8ad6
\n\u6703\u8b70\u5730\u9ede\u5728\u4f55\u8655\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a2d\u7acb\u4efb\u4f55\u963b\u7919\u59a8\u7919\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u53c3\u52a0\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7684\u6703\u8b70\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u8b70\u3002\u300d
\n\uf06c 2006\u5e74\u300c\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u6a19\u6e96\u4e4b\u5c08\u696d\u8cac\u4efb\u8072\u660e\u300d
\n( Statement on Professional Responsibility for
\nStandards of Medical Care ) \u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c08\u696d\u884c
\n\u70ba\u4e4b\u4efb\u4f55\u5224\u65b7\u6216\u5be9\u67e5\uff0c\u61c9\u7d0d\u5165\u5177\u6709\u91ab\u5b78\u8a13\u7df4\u8207
\n\u7d93\u9a57\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u4e14\u77ad\u89e3\u91ab\u7642\u9818\u57df\u8907\u96dc\u6027\u4e4b\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c08\u696d
\n\u540c\u5115\u53c3\u8207\u8a55\u4f30\u3002\u300d\u8a72\u8072\u660e\u4ea6\u8b74\u8cac\u300c\u5728\u8655\u7406\u75c5\u60a3
\n\u62b1\u6028\u6216\u6295\u8a34\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u8b93\u91ab\u5e2b\u540c\u696d\u5c0d\u5176\u91ab\u7642
\n\u884c\u70ba\u6216\u758f\u5931\u5931\u8077\u505a\u4fe1\u5be6\u7684\u8a55\u4f30\u3002\u300d
\n\uf06c 1997\u5e74\u300c\u652f\u6301\u91ab\u5e2b\u62d2\u7d55\u53c3\u8207\u6216\u5fcd\u53d7\u300e\u8650\u5f85\u3001\u5176\u4ed6
\n\u6b98\u9177\u3001\u4e0d\u4eba\u9053\u3001\u8cb6\u6291\u4eba\u6027\u4e4b\u91ab\u7642\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u7684\u5ba3
\n\u8a00 \u300d (Declaration Concerning Support for Medical
\nDoctors Refusing to Participate in, or to Condone, the
\nUse of Torture or Other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman or
\nDegrading Treatment) \u627f\u8afe\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5c07\u300c\u652f\u6301\u3001
\n\u4fdd\u8b77\u90a3\u4e9b\u62d2\u7d55\u53c3\u8207\u4e0d\u4eba\u9053\u91ab\u7642\u904e\u7a0b\u3001\u6216\u662f\u81f4\u529b
\n\u70ba\u5176\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u6cbb\u7642\u4e26\u5fa9\u5065\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u8981\u6c42\u6240\u5c6c
\n\u5404\u570b\u91ab\u5b78\u6703\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ed6\u5011\u652f\u6301\u53ca\u4fdd\u8b77\uff1b\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u78ba\u4fdd
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u6709\u6b0a\u7dad\u8b77\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u502b\u7406\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u91ab\u7642
\n\u5b88\u5bc6\u2026\u2026\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7d50
\n\u8ad6
\n124
\n\uf06c 2014\u5e74\u91ab\u7642\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u570b\u969b\u9077\u5f99\u502b\u7406\u6e96\u5247(Ethical
\nGuidelines for the International Migration of Health
\nWorkers)\u865f\u53ec\u5404\u570b\u300c\u8003\u616e\u5176\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u8207\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c
\n\u63d0\u4f9b\u91ab\u5e2b\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u52a9\u5176\u9054\u6210\u500b\u4eba\u8207\u5c08\u696d\u4e0a\u7684
\n\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u4ee5\u76e1\u91cf\u5c07\u5176\u91ab\u5e2b\u7559\u5728\u672c\u884c\u53ca\u672c\u570b\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f
\n\u61c9\u8a72\u78ba\u4fdd\u300c\u6c38\u4e45\u6216\u66ab\u6642\u5728\u5916\u570b\u57f7\u696d\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u2026\u2026
\n\u4e5f\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u8ddf\u7576\u5730\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u5c0d\u5f85\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6709
\n\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5c31\u696d\u6a5f\u6703\u3001\u540c\u5de5\u540c\u916c\uff09\u3002\u300d
\n\u96d6\u7136\u9451\u65bc\u4e4b\u524d\u6240\u5217\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u53ca\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u7232\u91ab\u5e2b\u4f5c\u9019\u7a2e
\n\u722d\u53d6\u662f\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u6709\u6642\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u9192\u91ab\u5e2b\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\u3002\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u516c\u773e\u8abf\u67e5\u90fd\u4e00\u81f4\u986f
\n\u793a\uff1a\u91ab\u5e2b\u662f\u6700\u53d7\u5c0a\u656c\u8207\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u8077\u696d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7684
\n\u6240\u5f97\u901a\u5e38\u6bd4\u8a72\u570b\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u85aa\u8cc7\u9084\u9ad8\uff08\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u9084
\n\u9ad8\u51fa\u8a31\u591a\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u81e8\u5e8a\u4e8b\u52d9\u4e0a\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u96d6\u7136
\n\u4e0d\u6bd4\u5f9e\u524d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u76f8\u7576\u5927\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e5f\u7d93\u7531\u53c3\u8207\u7814
\n\u7a76\uff0c\u5c55\u958b\u4ee4\u4eba\u8208\u596e\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u65b0\u77e5\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684
\n\u662f\uff0c\u5c0d\u500b\u5225\u75c5\u60a3\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f88\u8106\u5f31\u3001\u6700\u9700\u8981\u5e6b
\n\u52a9\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u6574\u9ad4\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7121\u50f9\u7684\u670d
\n\u52d9\u3002\u5c31\u91ab\u5e2b\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u597d\u8655\u800c\u8a00\uff08\u6d88\u9664\u75c5\u75db\u3001\u6cbb\u7652
\n\u75be\u75c5\u3001\u7de9\u89e3\u81e8\u7d42\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u75db\u82e6\uff09\uff0c\u6c92\u4ec0\u9ebc\u884c\u696d\u80fd\u50cf
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u4e00\u6a23\u7d66\u4eba\u6eff\u8db3\u611f\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u5be6\u8e10\u5176\u502b\u7406\u8cac\u4efb\u4e0d
\n\u904e\u662f\u63db\u53d6\u9019\u4e9b\u7279\u6b0a\u6240\u4ed8
\n\u51fa\u7684\u6975\u5c0f\u4ee3\u50f9\u7f77\u4e86\u3002
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u6709\u6642\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u63d0
\n\u9192\u91ab\u5e2b\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684
\n\u7279\u6b0a\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u2026\u2026\u6709\u6642\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u63d0
\n\u9192\u91ab\u5e2b\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684
\n\u7279\u6b0a\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7d50
\n\u8ad6
\n125
\n\u5c0d\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u8cac\u4efb
\n\u672c\u624b\u518a\u5c0d\u91ab\u5e2b\u502b\u7406\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u5206\u985e\u662f\u6839\u64da\u5b83\u5011\u4e3b\u8981\u7684
\n\u53d7\u76ca\u5c0d\u8c61\u800c\u5b9a\uff0c\u5305\u542b\uff1a\u75c5\u60a3\u3001\u793e\u6703\u8207\u540c\u5115\uff08\u5305\u62ec
\n\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u5c08\u696d\uff09\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u5e38\u5e38\u5fd8\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u81ea
\n\u5df1\u8207\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e5f\u6709\u8cac\u4efb\u3002\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u8a31\u591a\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u7576\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5168\u5fc3\u6295\u5165\u91ab\u7642\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u9bae\u5c11\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684
\n\u5065\u5eb7\u8207\u798f\u7949\u3002\u4e00\u9031\u5de5\u4f5c60\uff5e80\u5c0f\u6642\u4e0d\u8db3\u70ba\u5947\uff0c\u800c
\n\u4f11\u5047\u6709\u6642\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u4f86\u8aaa\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5962\u4f88\u3002\u96d6
\n\u7136\u8a31\u591a\u91ab\u5e2b\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9817\u70ba\u9069\u61c9\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5bb6
\n\u4eba\u537b\u53ef\u80fd\u627f\u53d7\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5e2b\u5247\u82e6\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e
\n\u8077\u696d\u6b65\u8abf\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u6162\u6027\u75b2\u52de\u3001\u6feb\u7528\u85e5\u7269\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u81ea\u6bba
\n\u7b49\u5404\u7a2e\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u5931\u80fd\u7684\u91ab
\n\u5e2b \u5c0d \u75c5 \u60a3 \u4f86 \u8aaa \u662f \u5371 \u96aa
\n\u7684\uff0c\u75b2\u52de\u5c31\u662f\u9020\u6210\u91ab\u7642
\n\u4e8b\u6545\u7684\u4e00\u9805\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u5b50\u3002
\n\u6709\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u91dd\u5c0d\u78ba\u4fdd\u75c5\u60a3\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u4fc3\u9032\u91ab\u5e2b\u904e\u5065\u5eb7\u751f
\n\u6d3b\u578b\u614b\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u53d7\u8a13\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u5de5\u6642\u53ca\u503c\u73ed\u6642
\n\u9593\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e5f\u8b93\u5973\u6027\u91ab\u5e2b\u6bd4\u8f03\u53ef
\n\u4ee5\u70ba\u5bb6\u5ead\u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u4e2d\u65b7\u8a13\u7df4\u8ab2\u7a0b\u3002\u50cf\u9019\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd\u96d6\u7136
\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u9032\u91ab\u5e2b\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u8207\u798f\u7949\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u6211\u7167\u8b77\u7684\u4e3b\u8981
\n\u8cac\u4efb\u9084\u662f\u5728\u91ab\u5e2b\u500b\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u50cf\u5438\u7159\u3001\u6feb
\n\u7528\u85e5\u7269\u548c\u8d85\u6642\u5de5\u4f5c\u7b49\u660e\u986f\u5371\u5bb3\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b
\n\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u85c9\u7531\u8fa8\u8b58\u5c08\u696d\u8207\u79c1\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0a\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u56e0\u7d20\u3001
\n\u64ec\u5b9a\u4e26\u5be6\u8e10\u9069\u7576\u7684\u6539\u5584\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4f86\u4fdd\u8b77\u3001\u63d0\u5347\u81ea\u5df1
\n\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u8207\u798f\u7949\u3002\u7576\u9019\u4e9b\u5617\u8a66\u90fd\u5931\u6557\u4e86\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u61c9\u8a72
\n\u5c0b\u6c42\u540c\u5115\u4ee5\u53ca\u5408\u683c\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u5354\u52a9\uff0c\u4f86\u89e3\u6c7a\u90a3\u4e9b
\n\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5e38\u5e38\u5fd8\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u8207\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e5f\u6709\u8cac
\n\u4efb\u3002\u300d
\n\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u5e38\u5e38\u5fd8\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u8207\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e5f\u6709\u8cac
\n\u4efb\u3002\u300d
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7d50
\n\u8ad6
\n126
\n\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5bb3\u4ed6\u5011\u8207\u75c5\u60a3\u3001\u793e\u6703\u6216\u540c\u4e8b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u79c1\u4eba
\n\u554f\u984c\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u672a\u4f86
\n\u9019\u672c\u624b\u518a\u96d6\u7136\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u63d0\u5230\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3b
\n\u8981\u662f\u8457\u91cd\u5728\u5b83\u7684\u73fe\u6cc1\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u300c\u73fe\u5728\u300d\u662f\u4e0d\u65b7\u6d88
\n\u901d\u7684\uff0c\u82e5\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u60f3\u7e3d\u662f\u843d\u5728\u6642\u4ee3\u5f8c\u9762\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u5fc5\u8981
\n\u9810\u6e2c\u5b83\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u672a\u4f86\u4e3b\u8981\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u7684\u672a\u4f86\u3002\u572821\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u524d\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u9032\u5c55\u795e
\n\u901f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5f88\u96e3\u9810\u6e2c\u7b49\u5230\u73fe\u5728\u91ab\u5b78\u7cfb\u4e00\u5e74\u7d1a\u751f\u53d7\u5b8c
\n\u8a13\u7df4\u6642\uff0c\u57f7\u696d\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u6703\u662f\u5982\u4f55\uff1b\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u77e5\u9053\u7b49\u4ed6
\n\u5011\u5feb\u8981\u9000\u4f11\u6642\uff0c\u53c8\u6703\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u653f
\n\u6cbb\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u60c5\u52e2\u666e\u904d\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u3001\u74b0\u5883\u60e1\u5316\u3001\u611b\u6ecb\u75c5
\n(HIV\/AIDS)\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u6f5b\u5728\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u6301\u7e8c\u8513\u5ef6\uff0c\u672a\u4f86\u4e0d\u898b
\n\u5f97\u6703\u6bd4\u73fe\u5728\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u7e31\u7136\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u671f\u671b\u91ab\u5b78\u7684\u9032\u6b65
\n\u6700\u7d42\u8b93\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u570b\u90fd\u53d7\u60e0\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u73fe\u5728\u9084\u6c92\u80fd\u4eab\u53d7
\n\u9019\u4e9b\u679c\u5be6\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u5c07\u4f86\u9047\u5230\u7684\u502b\u7406\u554f\u984c\u6703\u8207\u73fe\u4eca\u5bcc
\n\u88d5\u570b\u5bb6\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u76f8\u4f3c\uff1b\u4f46\u60c5\u5f62\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u904e
\n\u4f86\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u4e00\u76f4\u8870\u6557\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u4ed6\u5011
\n\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u5fc5\u9808\u8655\u7406\u71b1\u5e36\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u53ca\u91ab\u7642\u8cc7\u6e90\u56b4\u91cd\u77ed\u7f3a
\n\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002
\n\u56e0\u70ba\u672a\u4f86\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9810\u6e2c\u7684\uff0c\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u61c9\u8a72
\n\u8981\u4fdd\u6301\u5f48\u6027\uff0c\u6709\u6539\u8b8a\u8207\u8abf\u6574\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5b83\u5f9e\u904e
\n\u53bb\u5230\u73fe\u5728\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u671f\u5f85\u91ab\u5b78\u502b
\n\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5247\u5c07\u59cb\u7d42\u7dad\u6301\u4e0d\u8b8a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u3001
\n\u80fd\u529b\u8207\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u53ca\u5c0d\u5c08\u696d\u7cbe
\n\u795e\u7684\u6295\u5165\u3002\u7121\u8ad6\u91ab\u5b78\u56e0\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u3001\u793e\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u7d93
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7d50
\n\u8ad6
\n127
\n\u6fdf\u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u6709\u4f55\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u7e3d\u662f\u6703\u6709\u751f\u75c5\u7684\u4eba\u9700\u8981\u91ab\u6cbb
\n\uff08\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u91ab\u6cbb\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u8207\u7167\u9867\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u91ab\u5e2b\u4e00\u76f4\u5728
\n\u63d0\u4f9b\u9019\u4e9b\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5065\u5eb7\u4fc3\u9032\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u9810\u9632\u8207\u91ab\u7642
\n\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7ba1\u7406\u7b49\u670d\u52d9\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u672a\u4f86\u9019\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\u53ef\u80fd
\n\u6709\u6240\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u9019\u6bcf\u4e00\u9805\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e0a\u6301\u7e8c\u626e
\n\u6f14\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u800c\u65e2\u7136\u9019\u6bcf\u4e00\u9805\u6d3b\u52d5\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u8a31\u591a\u502b
\n\u7406\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u91ab\u5e2b\u4fbf\u9700\u8981\u96a8\u6642\u638c\u63e1\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c
\n\u5c31\u50cf\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u4e0a\u6703\u90a3\u9ebc\u505a\u4e00\u6a23\u3002
\n\u672c\u624b\u518a\u5373\u5c07\u9032\u5165\u5c3e\u8072\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u8b80\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u61c9\u8a72\u53ea
\n\u662f\u7d42\u8eab\u6d78\u6deb\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7684\u8d77\u6b65\u3002\u518d\u6b21\u91cd\u8907\u7dd2\u8ad6\u4e2d\u6240
\n\u8ff0\uff0c\u672c\u624b\u518a\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u5c0d\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u53ca\u5176\u5e7e\u500b\u6838\u5fc3\u8b70\u984c
\n\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4ecb\u7d39\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8b93\u8b80\u8005\u4e86\u89e3\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u6301\u7e8c\u5c0d\u91ab
\n\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5c64\u9762\u9032\u884c\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8655\u7406\u60a8\u57f7
\n\u696d\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6240\u6703\u9762\u81e8\u7684\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u5728\u9644\u9304B\u4e2d\u6240\u5217\u7684
\n\u8cc7\u6e90\u5c07\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u60a8\u52a0\u5f37\u60a8\u5728\u9019\u500b\u9818\u57df\u4e0a\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u7d50
\n\u8ad6
\n128
\n\u9644\u9304A\uff1a\u540d\u8a5e\u91cb\u7fa9
\nAccountable (\u8ab2\u8cac\u7684\/\u80fd\u8ca0\u8cac\u7684)\u2013\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u67d0\u4eba\u5c31\u67d0
\n\u4e8b\u8ca0\u8cac\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u54e1\u5de5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c31\u5176\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c0d\u96c7\u4e3b
\n\u8ca0\u8cac\u4efb\u3002Accountability(\u8ab2\u8cac\u6027\/\u8cac\u4efb\u5fc3\u3001\u8cac\u4efb\u611f)\u8981
\n\u6c42\u505a\u597d\u6e96\u5099\u800c\u80fd\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\u6216\u4e0d\u4f5c\u70ba\u63d0\u51fa\u89e3
\n\u91cb\u3002
\nAdvance directive(\u9810\u7acb\u91ab\u56d1)\u2013\u4e00\u7a2e\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u66f8\u9762\u65b9\u5f0f
\n\u5448\u73fe\u7684\u8072\u660e\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7121\u80fd\u529b\u518d\u81ea
\n\u884c\u505a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6642(\u4f8b\u5982\u5931\u53bb\u610f\u8b58\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u932f\u4e82)\u63a5\u53d7\u600e\u6a23\u3001
\n\u6216\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u600e\u6a23\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u3002\u9019\u662f\u9810\u7acb\u7167\u8b77\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e
\n\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u5247\u662f\u9078\u5b9a\u67d0\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u767c\u751f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u60c5
\n\u6cc1\u6642\u4ee3\u66ff\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u9810\u7acb\u91ab\u56d1\u5df2\u6709
\n\u76f8\u95dc\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002
\nAdvocate(\u7dad\u8b77\/\u4ee3\u8a00)\u2013(\u52d5\u8a5e)\u4ee3\u8868\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6216\u5718\u9ad4
\n\u800c\u767c\u8a00\u6216\u884c\u52d5\uff1b(\u540d\u8a5e)\u4ee3\u8868\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6216\u5718\u9ad4\u800c\u767c\u8a00
\n\u6216\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u7576\u91ab\u5e2b\u8981\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u5065\u4fdd\u5b98\u54e1\u63d0\u4f9b\u75c5
\n\u60a3\u6240\u9700\u3001\u4f46\u4e0d\u6613\u81ea\u884c\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u670d\u52d9\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u662f\u5728
\n\u505a\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\u3002
\nAnesthetist(\u9ebb\u9189\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b)\u2013\u6709\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u7528\u7684\u7a31\u865f\u662f
\nanaesthesiologist\u3002
\nBeneficence(\u884c\u5584)\u2013\u6309\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u505a\u597d\u4e8b\u300d\u3002
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u88ab\u671f\u5f85\u8981\u4f9d\u75c5\u60a3\u6700\u5927\u5229\u76ca\u4f86\u884c\u4e8b\u3002
\nBioethics\/biomedical ethics(\u751f\u547d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\/\u751f\u7269\u91ab\u5b78\u502b
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nA
\n129
\n\u7406)\u2013\u9019\u5169\u500b\u540c\u7fa9\u8a5e\u90fd\u662f\u6307\u5c0d\u65bc\u91ab\u5b78\u3001\u91ab\u7642\u7167\u8b77\u8207
\n\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u6240\u767c\u751f\u9053\u5fb7\u8b70\u984c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u70ba\u56db
\n\u500b\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u81e8\u5e8a\u502b\u7406\u5b78(clinical ethics)\uff0c\u8655\u7406\u75c5\u60a3\u7167\u8b77
\n\u7684\u8b70\u984c(\u53c3\u8003\u672c\u624b\u518a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0)\uff1b\u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u5b78(research
\nethics)\uff0c\u8655\u7406\u7684\u662f\u5c0d\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4eba\u985e\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u7684
\n\u4fdd\u8b77(\u53c3\u8003\u672c\u624b\u518a\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0)\uff1b\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u5b78(professional
\nethics)\uff0c\u8655\u7406\u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u5c08\u696d\u6240\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u7279
\n\u6b8a\u7fa9\u52d9\u8207\u8cac\u4efb(\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5c31\u662f\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u4e00
\n\u7a2e)\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u502b\u7406\u5b78(public policy ethics)\uff0c\u8655
\n\u7406\u8207\u751f\u547d\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u76f8\u95dc\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u898f\u5b9a\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8207\u89e3
\n\u91cb\u3002
\nConsensus(\u5171\u8b58)\u2013\u5927\u81f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u662f
\n\u6beb\u7121\u7570\u8b70\u7684\u540c\u610f\u3002
\nHierarchy(\u5c64\u7d1a)\u2013\u6839\u64da\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u91cd\u8981\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c07
\n\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u6700\u9ad8\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\u4f9d\u5e8f\u6392\u5217\uff0cHierarchical(\u5c64\u7d1a\u7684)
\n\u5247\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u9019\u7a2e\u6392\u5217\u72c0\u6cc1\u7684\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e\u3002\u201chierarchy\u201d\u9019\u500b
\n\u8a5e\u4e5f\u7528\u4f86\u6307\u7a31\u7d44\u7e54\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u3002
\nJustice(\u6b63\u7fa9)\u2013\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u53ca\u5718\u9ad4\u7684\u516c\u5e73\u5c0d\u5f85\u3002\u5982\u540c\u7b2c
\n\u4e09\u7ae0\u4e2d\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5728\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u4e0a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u624d\u662f\u516c
\n\u5e73\u5c0d\u5f85\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002
\nManaged healthcare(\u7ba1\u7406\u5f0f\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77)\u2013\u4e00\u7a2e\u5065
\n\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u65b9\u5f0f(\u6216\u4e00\u7a2e\u5065\u5eb7\u7167\u8b77\u9ad4\u7cfb)\uff0c\u7531\u653f
\n\u5e9c\u3001\u6cd5\u4eba\u5718\u9ad4\u6216\u4fdd\u96aa\u516c\u53f8\u6c7a\u5b9a\u63d0\u4f9b\u54ea\u4e9b\u670d\u52d9\u3001\u8ab0
\n\u4f86\u63d0\u4f9b(\u5c08\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u91ab\u5e2b\u3001\u8b77\u58eb\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u885b\u751f\u5c08
\n\u696d \u7b49 ) \u3001 \u5728 \u54ea \u88e1 \u63d0 \u4f9b ( \u8a3a \u6240 \u3001 \u91ab \u9662 \u3001 \u75c5 \u60a3 \u4f4f \u6240
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nA
\n130
\n\u7b49)\u2026\u2026\u7b49\u76f8\u95dc\u4e8b\u52d9\u3002
\nNon-maleficence(\u4e0d\u50b7\u5bb3)\u2013\u6309\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u4e0d\u505a
\n\u58de\u4e8b\u300d\u3002\u91ab\u5e2b\u8207\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u61c9\u8a72\u907f\u514d\u5c0d\u75c5\u60a3\u8207\u7814
\n\u7a76\u53d7\u8a66\u8005\u9020\u6210\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002
\nPalliative care(\u5b89\u5be7\u7de9\u548c\u7167\u8b77)\u2013\u4e00\u7a2e\u7167\u8b77\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u65b9
\n\u5f0f\uff0c\u6b64\u8655\u300c\u75c5\u60a3\u300d\u5c24\u6307\u60a3\u6709\u56b4\u91cd\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7652\u4e4b\u75be
\n\u75c5\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u5373\u53ef\u80fd\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u3002\u5b89\u5be7\u7de9\u548c\u7167\u8b77\u8457\u91cd
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u54c1\u8cea\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u63a7\u5236\u5176\u75bc\u75db\u3002\u5b89\u5be7\u7de9\u548c
\n\u7167\u8b77\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u91ab\u9662\u3001\u81e8\u7d42\u7167\u8b77\u7684\u5c08\u9580\u6a5f\u69cb(\u901a\u5e38\u7a31\u70ba
\n\u5b89\u5be7\u75c5\u623f)\u6216\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u4f4f\u6240\u65bd\u884c\u3002
\nPhysician(\u91ab\u5e2b)\u2013\u5177\u6709\u884c\u91ab\u8cc7\u683c\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u67d0\u4e9b\u570b\u5bb6\u6703
\n\u5340\u5206 physician \u548c surgeon(\u5916\u79d1\u91ab\u5e2b)\uff0c\u4f46\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u88ab\u7a31
\n\u70ba\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u300d(doctor)\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\u4e5f
\n\u6703\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u300d(doctor)\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7259\u91ab\u5e2b\u3001\u7378\u91ab
\n\u5e2b\u3002\u53d6\u5f97\u535a\u58eb\u5b78\u4f4d\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u6703\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300cdoctor\u300d\u3002\u5c0d
\n\u300c\u91ab\u5e2b\u300d\u8f03\u70ba\u7cbe\u78ba\u7684\u7528\u8a5e\u662f\u300cmedical doctor\u300d\uff0c\u4f46
\n\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4eba\u4e26\u4e0d\u666e\u904d\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u8207\u672c\u624b\u518a\u5747\u63a1\u7528
\n\u300cphysician\u300d\u4e00\u8a5e\u4f86\u6307\u7a31\u6240\u6709\u5177\u6709\u884c\u91ab\u8cc7\u683c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c
\n\u800c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5176\u5c08\u79d1\u70ba\u4f55\u3002
\nPlagiarism(\u6284\u8972\/\u527d\u7aca)\u2013\u4e00\u7a2e\u6284\u8972(copy)\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f5c\u54c1
\n\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5df2\u767c\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\u4e4b\u5168\u90e8\u6216\u4e00\u90e8\uff09\u800c\u672a\u8a3b\u660e\u51fa
\n\u8655\u3001\u5047\u88dd\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u54c1\u800c\u767c\u8868\u7684\u4e0d\u8aa0\u5be6\u884c\u70ba\u3002
\nPluralistic(\u591a\u5143\u7684)\u2013\u64c1\u6709\u6578\u500b\u6216\u8a31\u591a\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9
\n\u6cd5\u6216\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u662f\u300c\u4e00\u500b\u300d\u6216\u300c\u4e00\u7d71\u300d\u7684\u53cd\u7fa9\u8a5e\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nA
\n131
\nProfess(\u516c\u958b\u8868\u660e)\u2013\u516c\u958b\u8072\u660e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6216\u627f\u8afe\u3002
\n\u300cprofess\u300d\u662f\u300cprofession\u300d(\u5c08\u696d)\u300cprofessional\u300d
\n(\u5c08\u696d\u7684)\u4ee5\u53ca\u300cprofessionalism\u300d(\u5c08\u696d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u5c08\u696d
\n\u7cbe\u795e)\u7b49\u5b57\u7684\u5b57\u6839
\nRational(\u7406\u6027\u7684)\u2013\u4ee5\u4eba\u985e\u7406\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff1b\u610f\u5373
\n\u80fd\u601d\u8003\u8d0a\u6210\u53ca\u53cd\u5c0d\u67d0\u7279\u5b9a\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u4e26\u6c7a\u5b9a\u54ea
\n\u4e00\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\u6bd4\u8f03\u597d\u3002
\nSurrogate or substitute gestation(\u4ee3\u7406\u6216\u66ff\u4ee3\u61f7\u5b55)\u2013
\n\u61f7\u5b55\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u540c\u610f\u300c\u5b55\u80b2\u5b69\u5b50\u4e26\u5728\u751f
\n\u7522\u5f8c\u4ea4\u7d66\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6216\u53e6\u4e00\u5c0d\u592b\u5a66\u300d\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6578\u60c5
\n\u5f62\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7531\u9019\u5c0d\u592b\u5a66\u63d0\u4f9b\u7cbe\u5b50\u6216\u80da\u80ce\u4ee5\u6210
\n\u5b55\uff1a\u82e5\u63d0\u4f9b\u7cbe\u5b50\uff0c\u5247\u900f\u904e\u4eba\u5de5\u6388\u7cbe\u6210\u5b55\uff1b\u82e5\u63d0\u4f9b
\n\u80da\u80ce\uff0c\u5247\u7d93\u7531\u8a66\u7ba1\u6388\u7cbe\u53ca\u80da\u80ce\u8f49\u6b96\u4ee5\u6210\u5b55\u3002
\nValue(\u73cd\u8996\u3001\u50f9\u503c)\u2013(\u52d5\u8a5e) \u5c07\u67d0\u7269\u8996\u70ba\u975e\u5e38\u91cd
\n\u8981\uff1b(\u540d\u8a5e)\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u76f8\u7576\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002
\nVirtue(\u5fb7\u884c)\u2013\u4eba\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u826f\u597d\u54c1\u8cea\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5176\u500b
\n\u6027\u53ca\u884c\u70ba\u4e2d\u7684\u826f\u597d\u54c1\u8cea\u3002\u5c0d\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u65cf\u7fa4\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c
\n\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fb7\u884c\u6703\u7279\u5225\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\u4e4b\u65bc\u91ab\u5e2b\u3001\u52c7
\n\u6c23\u4e4b\u65bc\u6d88\u9632\u968a\u54e1\u3001\u8aa0\u5be6\u4e4b\u65bc\u8b49\u4eba\u7b49\u3002
\nWhistle-blower(\u544a\u5bc6\u8005\/\u8209\u767c\u4eba)\u2013\u5411\u516c\u773e\u6216\u7576\u6b0a\u8005
\n\u544a \u767c \u67d0 \u4eba \u3001 \u67d0 \u7d44 \u7e54 \u9055 \u53cd \u502b \u7406 \u6216 \u975e \u6cd5 \u884c \u70ba \u7684 \u4eba
\n(\u300cwhistle-blower\u300d\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u7fa9\u70ba\u300c\u5439\u54e8\u8005\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e
\n\u8868\u9054\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u81ea\u9ad4\u80b2\u754c\uff0c\u88c1\u5224\u5439\u54e8\u5373\u4ee3\u8868\u6709\u72af\u898f\u884c
\n\u70ba\u767c\u751f)
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nA
\n132
\n\u9644\u9304B\uff1a\u90e8\u4efd\u7db2\u969b\u7db2\u8def\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8cc7\u6e90
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u624b\u518a(World Medical Association Handbook)
\n(www.wma.net\/en\/30publications\/10policies\/) \u5305 \u542b \u4e16 \u754c
\n\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u6240\u6709\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5168\u6587(\u6709\u82f1\u6587\u3001\u6cd5\u6587\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6587
\n\u7248)
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u502b\u7406\u8cc7\u6e90
\n(World Medical AssociationEthics Resources)
\n(www.wma.net\/en\/20activities\/10ethics\/index.html) \u2013\u5305
\n\u542b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5167\u5bb9\uff1a
\n\uf0b7 \u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u8ab2\u7a0b
\n\uf0b7 \u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u5176\u502b\u7406\u5b88\u5247
\n\uf0b7 \u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6559\u80b2
\n\uf0b7 \u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8207\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u4e3b\u7fa9
\n\u806f\u5408\u570b\u79d1\u6587\u6559\u7d44\u7e54\u751f\u7269\u502b\u7406\u6559\u80b2\u8cc7\u6e90
\n(UNESCO Bioethics Educational Resources)
\n(www.unesco.org\/new\/en\/social-and-human-
\nsciences\/themes\/bioethics\/ethics-education-
\nprogramme\/activities\/educational-resources\/)
\n\u5404\u570b\u502b\u7406\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab(National Ethics Committees
\nDatabase)
\n(http:\/\/apps.who.int\/ethics\/nationalcommittees\/) \u2013\u4f9d \u570b
\n\u5bb6\u8207\u4e3b\u984c\u5225\u8490\u96c6\u502b\u7406\u76f8\u95dc\u8b70\u984c\u4e4b\u8072\u660e\u6587\u4ef6\u3002
\n\u7f8e\u570b\u570b\u5bb6\u885b\u751f\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u751f\u7269\u502b\u7406\u7db2\u8def\u8cc7\u6e90
\n(U.S. National Institutes of Health Bioethics Resources on
\nthe Web)
\n(http:\/\/bioethics.od.nih.gov\/)
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nB
\n133
\n\u7518\u8ffa\u8fea\u502b\u7406\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u55ac\u6cbb\u57ce\u5927\u5b78\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u502b\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u5716\u66f8
\n\u9928
\n(Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University,
\nBioethics Research Library)
\n(https:\/\/bioethics.georgetown.edu\/)
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nB
\n134
\n\u9644\u9304C
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703
\n\u5168\u7403\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u8ab2\u7a0b\u7d0d\u5165\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8207\u4eba\u6b0a\u6559\u80b2\u6c7a\u8b70\u6587
\nResolution on the Inclusion of Medical Ethics and Human
\nRights in the Curriculum of Medical Schools World-Wide
\n\uff081999\u5e7410\u6708\u65bc\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7279\u62c9\u7dad\u592b\u8209\u8fa6\u4e4b\u7b2c\u4e94\u5341\u4e00
\n\u5c46\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5927\u6703\u901a\u904e\uff09
\n1. \u6709\u9451\u65bc\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u53ca\u4eba\u6b0a\u70ba\u69cb\u6210\u91ab\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ca
\n\u6587\u5316\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c
\n2. \u6709\u9451\u65bc\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u53ca\u4eba\u6b0a\u70ba\u69cb\u6210\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u6b77
\n\u53f2\u3001\u7d50\u69cb\u53ca\u76ee\u6a19\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c
\n3. \u8332\u6c7a\u8b70\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u5f37\u70c8\u5efa\u8b70\u5168\u7403\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u6821\u5c07
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u53ca\u4eba\u6b0a\u4e4b\u6559\u5b78\u7d0d\u5165\u5fc5\u4fee\u8ab2\u7a0b\u3002
\n\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u806f\u76df
\n(World Federation For Medical Education, WFME)
\n\u5168\u7403\u54c1\u8cea\u63d0\u6607\u6a19\u6e96\u2013\u57fa\u790e\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2(Global Standards
\nfor Quality Improvement\u2013Basic Medical Education)
\n(http:\/\/wfme.org\/standards\/bme\/78-new-version-2012-
\nquality-improvement-in-basic-medical-education-
\nenglish\/file\/)
\n\u5168\u7403\u54c1\u8cea\u63d0\u6607\u6a19\u6e96\u662f\u6240\u6709\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u6821\u90fd\u61c9\u7b26\u5408\u7684\u6a19
\n\u6e96\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u6a19\u6e96\u4e2d\u6709\u4e0b\u5217\u5e7e\u689d\u63d0\u5230\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\uff1a
\n1.4 \u6559\u80b2\u6210\u679c
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u6821\u5fc5\u9808\u8a02\u51fa\u5b78\u751f\u7562\u696d\u6642\u6240\u61c9\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u7684\u9810\u671f
\n\u6559\u80b2\u6210\u679c\u2026\uff0c\u6210\u679c\u61c9\u5305\u62ec\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u3001\u4eba\u6b0a\u8207\u91ab
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nC
\n135
\n\u5b78\u6cd5\u5b78\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u7406\u89e3\u3002
\n2.4 \u884c\u70ba\u66a8\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u6821\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u8ab2\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7d0d\u5165\u884c\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u793e\u6703\u79d1
\n\u5b78\u3001\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u548c\u91ab\u5b78\u6cd5\u5b78\u7b49\u5143\u7d20\u2026\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u8655\u7406
\n\u91ab\u7642\u5834\u57df\u7684\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u91ab\u5e2b\u884c\u70ba\u548c\u6c7a\u7b56\u6642\u61c9
\n\u5177\u5099\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u3001\u6b0a\u5229\u8207\u8cac\u4efb\u2026\u3002\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u7d0d\u5165\u884c
\n\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u548c\u91ab\u5b78\u6cd5\u5b78\uff0c\u6703\u63d0
\n\u4f9b\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u77ad\u89e3\u5065\u5eb7\u554f\u984c\u7684\u793e\u7d93\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u5b78\u8207\u6587\u5316\u6210
\n\u56e0\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u6280\u5de7\u8207\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u75be\u75c5
\n\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u8207\u5f8c\u679c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u570b\u5065\u5eb7\u9ad4\u7cfb\u548c\u75c5\u60a3\u6b0a\u5229\u7684
\n\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u8a13\u7df4\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5206\u6790\u793e\u5340\u548c\u793e\u6703\u5065\u5eb7\u9700
\n\u6c42\u3001\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6e9d\u901a\u3001\u81e8\u5e8a\u6c7a\u7b56\u8207\u502b\u7406\u843d\u5be6\u3002
\n2.5 \u81e8\u5e8a\u5b78\u79d1\u8207\u6280\u8853
\n\u81e8\u5e8a\u6280\u5de7\u5305\u62ec\u8a62\u554f\u75c5\u53f2\u3001\u751f\u7406\u6aa2\u67e5\u3001\u6e9d\u901a\u6280\u5de7\u3001
\n\u624b\u8853\u8207\u8abf\u67e5\u3001\u6025\u8a3a\u3001\u8655\u65b9\u8207\u6cbb\u7642\u3002\u5c08\u696d\u6280\u5de7\u5305\u62ec
\n\u75c5\u60a3\u7ba1\u7406\u6280\u5de7\u3001\u5718\u968a\/\u9818\u5c0e\u6280\u5de7\u548c\u8de8\u5c08\u696d\u8a13\u7df4\u3002\u9069
\n\u7576\u7684\u81e8\u5e8a\u8cac\u4efb\u5305\u62ec\u5065\u5eb7\u4fc3\u9032\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u9810\u9632\u8207\u75c5\u60a3\u7167
\n\u9867\u7b49\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002
\n6.4 \u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8207\u734e\u52a9
\n\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u6821\u5fc5\u9808\u78ba\u4fdd\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u6d3b\u52d5\u9593\u7684\u4ea4
\n\u6d41\uff0c\u8981\u9f13\u52f5\u5b78\u751f\u3001\u4e26\u57f9\u80b2\u4ed6\u5011\u53c3\u8207\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8207\u767c
\n\u5c55\u3002
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nC
\n136
\n\u9644\u9304D\u2014\u5f37\u5316\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u7684\u502b\u7406\u6559\u5b78
\n\u6709\u4e9b\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u6821\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u502b\u7406\u6559\u5b78\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u91ab\u5b78\u9662
\n\u6821\u5247\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u5b78\u7a0b\u3002\u4f46\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5f8c\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u7e3d\u662f
\n\u9084\u6709\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u5957\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u91ab
\n\u5b78\u751f\u6216\u662f\u6559\u54e1\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u60f3\u8981\u5f37\u5316\u5176\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e4b\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406
\n\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u7531\u9019\u5957\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8457\u624b\uff1a
\n1. \u719f\u6089\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e2d\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u67b6\u69cb
\n\uf06c \u9662\u9577
\n\uf06c \u8ab2\u7a0b\u59d4\u54e1\u6703
\n\uf06c \u6559\u54e1\u6703\u8b70
\n\uf06c \u5177\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u6559\u54e1
\n2. \u5c0b\u6c42\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u652f\u6301
\n\uf06c \u5b78\u751f
\n\uf06c \u6559\u54e1
\n\uf06c \u91cd\u8981\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u54e1
\n\uf06c \u5168\u570b\u6027\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u6703
\n\uf06c \u5168\u570b\u6027\u7684\u91ab\u5e2b\u898f\u7bc4\u7d44\u7e54
\n3. \u63d0\u51fa\u6709\u529b\u7684\u6839\u64da
\n\uf06c \u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\uff1a\u5168\u7403\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u8ab2\u7a0b\u7d0d\u5165\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406
\n\u8207\u4eba\u6b0a\u6559\u80b2\u6c7a\u8b70\u6587
\n\uf06c \u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u806f\u76df\uff1a\u5168\u7403\u54c1\u8cea\u63d0\u6607\u6a19\u6e96\u2013\u57fa
\n\u790e\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2
\n\uf06c \u5176\u5b83\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u6821\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50
\n\uf06c \u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u7684\u8981\u6c42
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nD
\n137
\n\uf06c \u9810\u671f\u6703\u906d\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d(\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u8ab2\u7a0b\u8ca0\u64d4\u904e\u91cd)
\n4. \u63d0\u4f9b\u5354\u52a9
\n\uf06c \u63d0\u4f9b\u5c0d\u65bc\u67b6\u69cb\u3001\u5167\u5bb9\u3001\u6559\u54e1\u53ca\u5b78\u751f\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u5efa
\n\u8b70\u53ef\u53c3\u8003\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u502b\u7406\u90e8\u6709\u95dc\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6559
\n\u80b2\u8cc7\u6e90\u7684\u7db2\u9801:
\nwww.wma.net\/en\/20activities\/10ethics\/
\n40education\/index.html
\n\uf06c \u548c\u5176\u5b83\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6559\u80b2\u8a08\u756b\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u7b49\u806f
\n\u7e6b
\n5. \u78ba\u4fdd\u5ef6\u7e8c\u6027
\n\uf06c \u4fc3\u9032\u6210\u7acb\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u59d4\u54e1\u6703
\n\uf06c \u7db2\u7f85\u5e74\u8f15\u5b78\u751f
\n\uf06c \u62db\u52df\u984d\u5916\u7684\u6559\u54e1
\n\uf06c \u8b93\u65b0\u6559\u54e1\u53ca\u4e3b\u8981\u884c\u653f\u4e3b\u7ba1\u4eba\u54e1\u53c3\u8207
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nD
\n138
\n\u9644\u9304E \u2013 \u5176\u4ed6\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76
\n\u7d66\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u7684\u907f\u5b55\u5efa\u8b70
\n\u838e\u62c9\u5df2\u7d93\u5341\u4e94\u6b72\u4e86\uff0c\u5979\u4f4f\u7684\u93ae\u4e0a\u6700\u8fd1\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5e38\u767c
\n\u751f\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u5979\u4f86\u5230\u4f60\u7684\u8a3a\u6240\uff0c\u8acb\u4f60\u958b\u4e00\u5f35
\n\u53e3\u670d\u907f\u5b55\u85e5\u7684\u8655\u65b9\u7d66\u5979\uff0c\u597d\u8b93\u5979\u842c\u4e00\u53d7\u5230\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3
\n\u6642\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u6b64\u61f7\u5b55\uff1b\u61f7\u5b55\u6703\u8b93\u5979\u5b78\u696d\u4e2d\u65b7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f88
\n\u96e3\u627e\u5230\u8001\u516c\u3002\u838e\u62c9\u8ddf\u4f60\u8aaa\u5979\u4e0d\u60f3\u8b93\u5979\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u77e5\u9053
\n\u5979\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u907f\u5b55\u85e5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u8a8d\u70ba\u5979\u662f\u60f3\u8981\u548c\u7537
\n\u670b\u53cb\u767c\u751f\u6027\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u4f60\u5c0d\u838e\u62c9\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u6709\u4e9b\u61f7\u7591\uff0c\u4f46
\n\u662f\u4f60\u4e5f\u80af\u5b9a\u5979\u60f3\u8981\u907f\u5b55\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u4f60\u5efa\u8b70\u5979\u5e36\u7236\u6bcd
\n\u4e00\u8d77\u4f86\u8a3a\u6240\u627e\u4f60\uff0c\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u8b70\u984c\u505a\u5168\u9762\u6027\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002
\n\u4e09\u5929\u5f8c\uff0c\u838e\u62c9\u55ae\u7368\u8d74\u8a3a\uff0c\u544a\u8a34\u4f60\u5979\u6709\u8a66\u8457\u548c\u5979\u7684
\n\u7236\u6bcd\u6e9d\u901a\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u62d2\u7d55\u9019\u500b\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u73fe
\n\u5728\u4f60\u8a72\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\uff1f
\n\u7d66\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u7684\u907f\u5b55\u5efa\u8b70
\n\u838e\u62c9\u5df2\u7d93\u5341\u4e94\u6b72\u4e86\uff0c\u5979\u4f4f\u7684\u93ae\u4e0a\u6700\u8fd1\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5e38
\n\u767c\u751f\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u5979\u4f86\u5230\u4f60\u7684\u8a3a\u6240\uff0c\u8acb\u4f60\u958b
\n\u4e00\u5f35\u53e3\u670d\u907f\u5b55\u85e5\u7684\u8655\u65b9\u7d66\u5979\uff0c\u597d\u8b93\u5979\u842c\u4e00\u53d7\u5230
\n\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u6642\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u6b64\u61f7\u5b55\uff1b\u61f7\u5b55\u6703\u8b93\u5979\u5b78\u696d\u4e2d\u65b7\uff0c
\n\u800c\u4e14\u5f88\u96e3\u627e\u5230\u8001\u516c\u3002\u838e\u62c9\u8ddf\u4f60\u8aaa\u5979\u4e0d\u60f3\u8b93\u5979\u7684
\n\u7236\u6bcd\u77e5\u9053\u5979\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u907f\u5b55\u85e5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u8a8d\u70ba\u5979
\n\u662f\u60f3\u8981\u548c\u7537\u670b\u53cb\u767c\u751f\u6027\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u4f60\u5c0d\u838e\u62c9\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f
\n\u6709\u4e9b\u61f7\u7591\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f60\u4e5f\u80af\u5b9a\u5979\u60f3\u8981\u907f\u5b55\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002
\n\u4f60\u5efa\u8b70\u5979\u5e36\u7236\u6bcd\u4e00\u8d77\u4f86\u8a3a\u6240\u627e\u4f60\uff0c\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u8b70\u984c
\n\u505a\u5168\u9762\u6027\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u4e09\u5929\u5f8c\uff0c\u838e\u62c9\u55ae\u7368\u8d74\u8a3a\uff0c\u544a
\n\u8a34\u4f60\u5979\u6709\u8a66\u8457\u548c\u5979\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u6e9d\u901a\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f
\n\u4ed6\u5011\u62d2\u7d55\u9019\u500b\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u4f60\u8a72\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\uff1f
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nE
\n139
\n\u65e9\u7522\u5152 *
\n\u9ea5\u514b\u65af\u65bc\u6bcd\u89aa\u598a\u5a20 23 \u9031\u6642\u65e9\u7522\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u80ba
\n\u90e8\u9084\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u547c\u5438\u5668\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\uff0c
\n\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u8840\u7ba1\u5c1a\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u9084\u6709\u9871\u5167\u51fa\u8840
\n\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u6d3b\u5f97\u904e\u5e7e\u500b\u661f\u671f\uff0c
\n\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u771f\u7684\u6d3b\u4e86\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u667a\u529b\u53ca\u8eab\u9ad4\u4e0a\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6703
\n\u6709\u56b4\u91cd\u6b98\u969c\u3002\u5728\u767c\u751f\u8178\u9053\u611f\u67d3\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1
\n\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u7cdf\u4e86\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u85c9\u624b\u8853\u5c07\u8178\u9053\u611f\u67d3\u7684
\n\u90e8\u4f4d\u5207\u9664\uff0c\u4fdd\u4f4f\u4ed6\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u6a5f\u6703\uff1b\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u7236
\n\u6bcd\u4e0d\u9858\u7c3d\u540c\u610f\u66f8\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u9ea5\u514b\u65af\u53d7\u624b
\n\u8853\u4e4b\u82e6\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u5920\u826f\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u54c1
\n\u8cea\u3002\u8eab\u70ba\u9ea5\u514b\u65af\u7684\u4e3b\u6cbb\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u4f60\u8a8d\u70ba\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u52d5
\n\u624b\u8853\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u65bc\u4ed6\u7236\u6bcd\u89aa\u7684\u62d2\u7d55\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8a72\u5982
\n\u4f55\u8655\u7406\u3002
\n* \u7531\u5fb7\u570b\u6f22\u8afe\u5a01\u91ab\u5b78\u9662 Gerald Neitzke \u91ab\u5e2b\u53ca
\nMareike Moeller \u5973\u58eb\u63d0\u4f9b
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nE
\n140
\nHIV \u611f\u67d3 *
\nS \u5148\u751f\u5df2\u5a5a\uff0c\u5169\u500b\u5b69\u5b50\u90fd\u9084\u5728\u5ff5\u5c0f\u5b78\u3002\u4ed6\u56e0\u70ba
\n\u4e00\u7a2e\u7f55\u898b\u578b\u5f0f\u7684\u80ba\u708e\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u8a3a\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u6cbb\u7642\uff0c\u800c
\n\u9019\u7a2e\u80ba\u708e\u5e38\u5e38\u548c\u611b\u6ecb\u75c5\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8840\u6db2\u6aa2\u9a57\u7d50
\n\u679c\u986f\u793a\u4ed6\u7684\u78ba\u662f HIV \u967d\u6027\u3002S \u5148\u751f\u8aaa\u4ed6\u60f3\u8981\u81ea
\n\u5df1\u6c7a\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u8981\u544a\u8a34\u4ed6\u592a\u592a\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3001\u53c8\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6642\u5019
\n\u8981\u544a\u8a34\u5979\u3002\u4f60\u544a\u8a34 S \u5148\u751f\uff1a\u8b93\u4ed6\u592a\u592a\u9632\u7bc4\u53d7\u5230
\n\u611f\u67d3\u53ef\u662f\u4ef6\u6538\u95dc\u751f\u6b7b\u7684\u5927\u4e8b\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8981\u5979\u4f86\u505a
\nHIV \u6aa2\u9a57\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u842c\u4e00\u6aa2\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\u70ba\u967d\u6027\uff0c\u5979
\n\u624d\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u670d\u85e5\u4ee5\u5ef6\u7de9\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u85c9\u6b64\u5ef6\u9577\u5979
\n\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u516d\u500b\u661f\u671f\u5f8c\uff0cS \u5148\u751f\u4f86\u4f60\u7684\u8a3a\u6240\u63a5\u53d7
\n\u751f\u7406\u76e3\u6e2c\u6aa2\u67e5\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u56de\u7b54\u4f60\u7684\u554f\u984c\u6642\u8aaa\u4ed6\u9084\u6c92
\n\u544a\u8a34\u4ed6\u592a\u592a\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u60f3\u8b93\u5979\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u6709\u904e\u540c
\n\u6027\u6027\u63a5\u89f8\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5bb3\u6015\u5979\u6703\u56e0\u6b64\u8ddf\u4ed6\u65b7\u7d55\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c
\n\u9020\u6210\u5bb6\u5ead\u7834\u788e\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd\u8b77\u5979\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u548c\u5979\u6709
\n\u300c\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u884c\u70ba\u300d\u3002\u8eab\u70ba S \u5148\u751f\u7684\u4e3b\u6cbb\u91ab\u5e2b\uff0c\u4f60
\n\u5728\u60f3\u662f\u5426\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u9055\u80cc S \u5148\u751f\u7684\u610f\u9858\uff0c\u800c\u5c07\u4ed6\u53d7
\nHIV \u611f\u67d3\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u544a\u8a34 S \u592a\u592a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5982\u6709\u9700\u8981\uff0c
\n\u5979\u4e5f\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u958b\u59cb\u63a5\u53d7\u6cbb\u7642\u3002
\n* \u7531\u5fb7\u570b\u6f22\u8afe\u5a01\u91ab\u5b78\u9662 Gerald Neitzke \u91ab\u5e2b\u53ca
\nMareike Moeller \u5973\u58eb\u63d0\u4f9b
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nE
\n141
\n\u6cbb\u7642\u7344\u56da
\n\u4f60\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u52e4\u52d9\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u6bcf\u5169\u500b\u661f\u671f\u8981\u82b1\u4e00\u5929\u7684
\n\u6642\u9593\u5230\u81e8\u8fd1\u7684\u76e3\u7344\u70ba\u56da\u72af\u770b\u75c5\u3002\u6628\u5929\u4f60\u6cbb\u7642\u7684
\n\u4e00\u4f4d\u56da\u72af\u81c9\u4e0a\u548c\u8eab\u4e0a\u6709\u591a\u8655\u64e6\u50b7\uff0c\u4f60\u554f\u4ed6\u9019\u4e9b
\n\u50b7\u662f\u600e\u9ebc\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u8aaa\u4ed6\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u5be9\u554f\u7684\u6642\u5019\u62d2\u7d55
\n\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u906d\u5230\u7344\u5b98\u653b\u64ca\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u662f\u4f60\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21
\n\u9047\u5230\u9019\u7a2e\u500b\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u4e5f\u66fe\u81ea\u540c\u4e8b\u90a3\u88e1\u807d\u904e\u9019\u985e
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u4f60\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u63a1\u53d6\u4e00\u4e9b
\n\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u90a3\u500b\u56da\u72af\u537b\u62d2\u7d55\u6388\u6b0a\u8b93\u4f60\u628a\u9019\u500b\u8a0a
\n\u606f\u900f\u9732\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u6015\u6703\u88ab\u7344\u5b98\u5831\u5fa9\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c
\n\u4f60\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u78ba\u5b9a\u9019\u500b\u56da\u72af\u8aaa\u7684\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5be6\u8a71\uff1b\u8ca0
\n\u8cac\u5e36\u4ed6\u4f86\u7d66\u4f60\u91ab\u6cbb\u7684\u8b66\u885b\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u56da\u72af\u5148\u524d\u548c
\n\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u56da\u72af\u6253\u904e\u67b6\u3002\u4f60\u548c\u76e3\u7344\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u54e1\u6709\u826f\u597d
\n\u7684\u4e92\u52d5\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4e0d\u60f3\u56e0\u70ba\u300c\u8650\u5f85\u56da\u72af\u300d\u9019\u500b\u672a\u7d93
\n\u8b49\u5be6\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u800c\u50b7\u5bb3\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u9019\u6642\u4f60\u8a72\u600e\u9ebc
\n\u505a\uff1f
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nE
\n142
\n\u751f\u547d\u7d42\u672b\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a
\n\u4e00\u500b\u516b\u5341\u6b72\u7684\u8001\u592a\u592a\u5f9e\u5b89\u990a\u9662\u8f49\u5230\u4f60\u7684\u91ab\u9662\u4f86
\n\u6cbb\u7642\u80ba\u708e\u3002\u5979\u5341\u5206\u5730\u865b\u5f31\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u8f15\u5fae\u7684\u7cbe\u795e
\n\u7570\u5e38\u3002\u4f60\u6210\u529f\u5730\u6cbb\u597d\u4e86\u5979\u7684\u80ba\u708e\uff0c\u4f46\u5c31\u5728\u5979\u8981
\n\u88ab\u8f49\u56de\u5b89\u990a\u9662\u524d\uff0c\u5979\u537b\u4e2d\u98a8\u4e86\uff0c\u9019\u8b93\u5979\u53f3\u534a\u8eab
\n\u7671\u7613\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u81ea\u5df1\u5403\u6771\u897f\u3002\u5f88\u986f\u7136\u5730\uff0c\u70ba\u5979\u63d2\u9935
\n\u98df\u7ba1\u8b93\u5979\u5f88\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5979\u5e7e\u6b21\u8a66\u5716\u7528\u5de6\u624b\u62d4
\n\u6389\u7ba1\u5b50\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u5de6\u624b\u81c2\u88ab\u7d81\u4f4f\u4e86\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u5979\u5b8c
\n\u5168\u7121\u6cd5\u8868\u9054\u5979\u7684\u610f\u9858\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5979\u7684\u5c0f\u5b69\u6216
\n\u5176\u4ed6\u89aa\u621a\u4f86\u70ba\u5979\u4f5c\u91ab\u7642\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u5e7e\u5929\u5f8c\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u7d50
\n\u8ad6\u662f\u5979\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0d\u5927\u53ef\u80fd\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u80fd\u8b93\u5979\u812b\u96e2\u82e6\u75db
\n\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u9664\u4e86\u65bd\u6253\u93ae\u975c\u5291\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5c31\u53ea\u6709\u5c07\u9935\u98df\u7ba1
\n\u62d4\u6389\u8b93\u5979\u6b7b\u53bb\u3002\u9019\u6642\u5019\u4f60\u8a72\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\uff1f
\n\u2003
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nE
\n143
\n\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u9078\u8f2f
\n\u806f\u5408\u570b\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7d44\u7e54\u751f\u7269\u502b\u7406\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u9078\u8f2f
\n(UNESCO Chair in Bioethics collections of case
\nstudies)-
\nhttp:\/\/research.haifa.ac.il\/~medlaw\/(UNESCO Chair)
\n\u4e16\u754c\u885b\u751f\u7d44\u7e54\u570b\u969b\u5065\u5eb7\u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u8b70\u984c\u6848\u4f8b\u9078\u8f2f
\n(WHO Casebook on Ethical Issues in International
\nHealth Research)-
\nhttp:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2009\/
\n9789241547727_eng.pdf?ua=1
\n\u5176\u5b83\u53c3\u8003-
\nhttp:\/\/bioethics.od.nih.gov\/casestudies.html#other
\n\u91ab
\n\u5b78
\n\u502b
\n\u7406
\n\uff5c
\n\u9644
\n\u9304
\nE<\/p>\n"},"caption":{"rendered":"

Ethics_manual_3rd_Dec2015_chinese \u7b2c\u4e09\u7248 2015 \u4e16 \u754c \u91ab \u5e2b \u6703 \u91ab \u5b78 \u502b \u7406 \u624b \u518a \u91ab \u5b78 \u502b \u7406 \u00a9 2015\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703 \u975e\u5546\u696d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u9650\uff1a\u5341\u4efd\uff0c\u4e26\u8acb\u8a3b\u660e\u51fa\u8655\uff1b\u4efb \u4f55\u8907\u88fd\u3001\u6aa2\u7d22\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5132\u5b58\u6216\u8f49\u79fb\uff0c\u5747\u9808\u4e8b\u5148 \u53d6\u5f97\u66f8\u9762\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u6b32\u53d6\u5f97\u540c\u610f\u8acb\u6d3d\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703 The World Medical Association, B.P. 63, 01212 Ferney-Volataire Cedex, France; Email: wma @wma.net ,fax\uff08\uff0b33\uff09450 40 59 37. \u672c\u624b\u518a\u7531\u4e16\u754c\u91ab\u5e2b\u6703\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8a72\u6703\u91ab\u5b78\u502b \u7406\u6307\u5c0e\u9577John R.Williams\uff082003-2006\uff09 \u5c01\u9762\u3001\u6392\u7248\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u6bd4\u5229\u6642Inspirit International Communications\uff0cTuuli Sauren\u63d0\u4f9b \u88fd\u4f5c\u6982\u5ff5\uff1aWorld Health Commmunication Associates\uff0cUK \u7167\u7247\u63d0\u4f9b\uff1aVan Parys Media\/CORBIS \u5728 […]<\/p>\n"},"alt_text":"","media_type":"file","mime_type":"application\/pdf","media_details":{},"post":902,"source_url":"https:\/\/www.wma.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Ethics_manual_3rd_Dec2015_chinese.pdf","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wma.net\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7311"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wma.net\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.wma.net\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/attachment"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wma.net\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.wma.net\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7311"}]}}